Conservation of genetic resources: costs and implications for a sustainable utilization of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture/ D. Virchow

1 Introduction.-
1.1 Problems.-
1.2 Definitions of Genetic Resources.-
1.3 Research Questions and Approach.-
1.3.1 Research Questions.-
1.3.2 Approach and Data Sources.-
1.4 Study Overview.-
2 Genetic Resources: Status, Development, Losses, and Conservation Management.-
2.1 State and Development of the World's Genetic Diversity Centers.-
2.1.1 Centers for Plant Genetic Diversity.-
2.1.2 Centers of Agrobiodiversity.-
2.1.3 The Interdependence of Countries on PGRFA.-
2.2 Extent and Determinants of Genetic Extinction.-
2.2.1 Review and Critical Analysis of the Methodologies of Recording of Losses.-
2.2.2 Determinants for the Loss of PGRFA.-
2.3 Similarities and Differences Between Biodiversity and Agrobiodiversity.-
2.4 Methods for Conservation of PGRFA.-
2.4.1 Ex Situ Conservation Management.-
2.4.2 In Situ Conservation.-
2.4.3 Combination of ex Situ and in Situ Methods.-
3 Economic Framework of Conservation.-
3.1 Conceptual Overview.-
3.2 Economic Valuation of Environmental Goods at a National Level.-
3.2.1 General Concept of Assessing Environmental Goods.-
3.2.2 Method for Economic Valuation of PGRFA Conservation.-
3.3 Analysis of the Beneficiaries of PGRFA Conservation.-
3.4 Incentives for the Conservation of PGRFA.-
3.4.1 Theory of the Conservation of PGRFA.-
3.4.2 Economic Mechanisms of Incentives for the Conservation of PGRFA.-
4 Institutional Frameworks for the Exchange and Utilization of PGRFA.-
4.1 Institutional Aspects of Exchange of PGRFA.-
4.2 Actors in the Conservation and Exchange Activities of Plant Genetic Resources.-
4.3 Protection of Intellectual Property Rights as Enforcement of the Exchange of PGRFA.-
4.3.1 International Agreements and the Ownership of Genetic Resources.-
4.3.2 International Agreements and Their Coherence.-
4.4 Different Systems for the Transaction of Genetic Resources.-
4.4.1 Multilateral System of PGRFA Exchange.-
4.4.2 Bilateral System of PGRFA Exchange.-
4.4.3 Market System of PGRFA Exchange.-
4.4.4 Determinants for the Development of Different Exchange Systems and Their Funding.-
5 Conservation Costs of PGRFA.-
5.1 Analysis of the Costs for PGRFA Conservation According to Different Categories.-
5.1.1 Costs of ex Situ Conservation.- 5.1.2 Costs of in Situ Conservation.-
5.1.3 Transaction Costs of PGRFA Conservation.-
5.2 Expenditures of PGRFA Conservation at Country Level.-
5.3 Analysis of the International Expenditures in 1995.-
5.4 Effectiveness of PGRFA Conservation for Analyzed Countries.-
6 Two Examples of PGRFA Conservation Systems: India and Germany.-
6.1 Indian Case Study.-
6.1.1 Indian National Plant Genetic Resources System.-
6.1.2 National Policy on Plant Variety Recognition in India.-
6.1.3 Production and Distribution of Quality Seed.-
6.2 German Case Study.-
6.2.1 German System of PGRFA Conservation.-
6.2.2 Breeding.-
6.3 Summary of the Indian and German Case Studies.-
7 Conclusions for PGRFA Conservation Policy and Further Research Issues.-
7.1 The Conservation and Service Center as a Focal Point for PGRFA Conservation Management.-
7.2 Incentives of Moderation.-
7.3 Compensation or Internalization?.-
7.4 Increasing Effectiveness Through a Market System, Technology Development and Cooperation.-
8 Summary.-
9 Zusammenfassung.-
10 Appendices.-
11 References.