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TABLE OF CONTENTS<br/>Foreword Toshiki Osada i<br/>Preface Jonathan Mark Kenoyer iii<br/>Acknowledgements vii<br/>Dedication<br/>CHAPTER 1- OBJECTIVE, OVERVIEW AND THEORY, HARAPPA AND LINES OFINQUIRY i<br/>Chapter introduction - The principal research objective i<br/>Indus Civilization overview AND theoretical ORIENTATION j<br/>TtjeIndus Civilization ?<br/>Urbanism and itspreconditions 4<br/>Inter-regional interaction, long-distance trade and the controlofessential resources 6<br/>Rock and mineralartifacts andgeologicprovenience analysis 11<br/>Harappa '5<br/>Generallocation and layout 14<br/>History ofdiscovery andresearch '4<br/>Harappa's rock and mineralartifact assemblage ><5<br/>Harappa's chronological/culturalsequence 17<br/>Ravi Phase - Period i (> J300 BC-ca.iSoo BC) • . >9<br/>Kot Diji Phase - Period i (ca.iSoo BC to i6oo BC)<br/>Harappa Phase - Period 3(i6oo BC to 1900 BC)<br/>Period 5A<br/>Period jB<br/>Period ?C<br/>Transitional and Late Harappa Phases - Periods 4&5(1900 BC to<i ?oo BC) 2. ^<br/>Non-habitation areas at Harappa ^4<br/>Three LINES OF INQUIRY<br/>First line of inquiry - Harappan interaction/acquisition networks and their extent ^4<br/>Second line ofinquiry - Diachronic changes ininteraction/acquisition patterns<br/>Two ancillary queries conccrning diachronic changes<br/>Diachronic changes in assemblage composition<br/>Diachronic changes in the acquisition and use ofbulk stone goods 18<br/>Hjird line ofinquiry - Site-wise synchronic variations ^9<br/>Chapter c;onc:lusion-An OUTLINE OFTHIS BOOK<br/>CHAPTER2-HARAPPA INCONTEXT "<br/>Chapter introduction - The Greater Indus region ^'<br/>(iF.OGRAPHKCONTKXT "<br/>(iFOI.C)GIC CONTEXT "<br/>10<br/>10<br/>11<br/>II<br/>11<br/>17<br/>18<br/>TheAlluvial Plains 35<br/>The Highlands 35<br/>Temporal-cultural CONTEXTS 36<br/>Traditions, eras and phases 37<br/>Ancient settlements ofthe upper Indus Basin 37<br/>The transforming cultural landscapes oftheIndus Tradition 40<br/>Regionalization era(Early Harappan Period) 41<br/>ca. 3300 to iSooBC 41<br/>1800 to 1600 BC 43<br/>Integration era - 2600 to 1900BC 45<br/>Localization era- 1900 BC to <i 300 BC 47<br/>Chapter conclusion 48<br/>CHAPTER 3- STRATEGIES AND METHODS FOR SOURCING STONE AND METAL ARTIFACTS •••• 49<br/>Chapter introduction - Strategies and methods 49<br/>Research strategies<br/>Usingprimarygeologic reference materials to locatepotentialsources 5o<br/>Field-checkingandsamplingpotential Harappan rock and mineralsources 51<br/>Tapping othersources ofinformation:Johris, pansaris andpattarwalas ^4<br/>We "Provenience Postulate"anddefiningageographic scale ofprovenience resolution 56<br/>Methods of material identification and characterization<br/>Visualinspection/comparison and basic mineralogical testing ^g<br/>X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis ^^<br/>Electron microprobe analysis (EMPA)<br/>Spectrometric analysis<br/>Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) 61<br/>Mf.THODS of DATA analysis<br/>Preliminary data analysis / bivariateplotting 61<br/>Multivariate approaches 63<br/>Choice ofmethods (, ^<br/>Canonical Discriminant Analysis (, ^<br/>Discrimination<br/>Classification (and misclassification)<br/>ClusterAnalysis<br/>6s Chapter conclusion - Statements of provenience c->s<br/>C:HAI>TER 4- THE ROCK AND MINERAL. ARTEKACT ASSEMBLAtiE AT HARAPPA<br/>TROIUK TION - ORt.ANIZINti AND I'RESENTINC THK ROttK AND MINERAL ASSEMBLAGE<br/>Determining the comeosition oe the rock and mineral artieact assemblage 6»<br/>Major roc k and mineral varieties<br/>Steatite<br/>Microcrystalline silicates<br/>Chert<br/>Agate-Jasper<br/>Siliciclastic sedimentary rocks<br/>Copper and copper minerals<br/>Minor ROCK AND MINERAL VARIETIES<br/>Vesuvianite-Grossular<br/>Igneous andMetamorphic rocks<br/>Gypsum<br/>Limestone<br/>Chalk<br/>Variegated andfossiUferous limestone<br/>Lapis Lazuli go<br/>Crystalline quartz go<br/>Gold 8,<br/>"Emestite" 8j<br/>Amazonite 84<br/>"Ochre"minerals 84<br/>Lead minerals 85<br/>Serpentine 85<br/>Miscellaneous rock and mineral varieties 86<br/>Almandinegarnet 86<br/>Calcite 86<br/>Fluorite 86<br/>Fossils 88<br/>Kaolinite claystone 88<br/>Mica 88<br/>Nephritejade 88<br/>Prehnite 89<br/>Sulfur 89<br/>Tourmaline 89<br/>Turquoise 89<br/>Material varieties at Harappa known only from previous excavations 9,<br/>Silver 91<br/>Arsenical minerals: Lollingite and Orpiment 92,<br/>Fuller's F.arth 9^<br/>Spatial and temporal aspects of Harappas rock and mineral assemblage 9^<br/>C.ontextualizing the rock and mineralassemblage 9^<br/>The spatialand temporaldistribution ofthe rock and mineral assemblage 9,<br/>Spatialand temporal variations tn the rock and mineral assemblage 9^<br/>Interpretation of the rock and mineral assemblage's composition and variability 100<br/>79<br/>ChapterCONCLUSION '°-<br/>CHAPTER5- GRINDINGSTONE ACQUISITION NETWORKS io?<br/>Chapter introduction-The importance of GRiNDiNGSTONES 103<br/>Potential grindingstone sources in and around the upper Indus Basin 104<br/>The Kirana Hills 104<br/>The Sulaiman Range 107<br/>The SaltRange 107<br/>Bikanerarea occurrences 107<br/>Thefoothills zone ofthe Himalayas 107<br/>Tosham Hills andAravalli Outliers 107<br/>Determining the geologic provenience of Harappa's grindingstones 113<br/>The geologic provenience composition of Harappa's grindingstone assemblage 114<br/>Pab sandstone 115<br/>Delhi quartzite 119<br/>Gray sandstone 111<br/>Kirana Hills stone ' ^ i<br/>"Unknown" Provenience ' ^ 3<br/>DIACHRONIC and spatial variations in grindingstone source utilization at HaRAPPA 11}<br/>Site-wise diachronic trends ingrindingstone source utilization ' ^S<br/>Ravi Phase - Period i (ca. 3300 BCto2800 BC) ' ^5<br/>Kot Diji Phase - Period 2(2800 to 2600 BC) 116<br/>Harappa Phase - Period3A (2600 to 2430 BC) iig<br/>Harappa Phase - Period3B (24^0 to 2200 BC)<br/>Harappa Phase - Period3C (2200 to 1900 BC) andsurface/disturbed contextfinds ,^^<br/>TransitionalandLate Harappa Phase - Periods4 (ca. igoo to <1300 BC) ^<br/>Discussion - Patterns of grindingstone acquisition and discard at Harappa ,3,<br/>Brief remarks on grindingstone AcquisiTiON patterns AT otherIndus cities , 2.<br/>Chapter conclusion<br/>143<br/>CHAPTER 6- CHERT ACQUISITION NETWORKS<br/>Chapter introduction-The three main types of chert AT Harappa ',44<br/>Chert in the Greater Indus region<br/>,, ,, I4S C,hert at Harappa Purple ch„t/c„.lchdonv.mhothbr m.mor E.kl, Har.pp., su„.var,et,e7. '.^9<br/>Black-brown chert<br/>Potential iounes ofblack-hrawn chert<br/>I Sakcsar I.imcstonc. Salt Range, Punjab<br/>(.rtat I imcstonc, |ammu<br/>I Moro Formation. Bolan Pass. Balochistan ,<br/>—<br/>INAA/CDA comparison ofblack chert artifacts to potential sources 161<br/>Tan-Gray (Rohri?) CHERT i6j<br/>Rohri Hills, Sindh j<5^<br/>Rohri 164<br/>Adam Sultan<br/>KotDiji<br/>Kandarki j<br/>Otherpotentialsources oftan-gray chert ^<br/>Mohmand Agency, NWFP ^<br/>Kalat, Balochistan ^^^<br/>BuriKhel, Salt Range, Punjab<br/>Tan-gray chertsources not included in this study ,<br/>INAA/CDA comparison oftan-gray chert artifacts to potentialsources ,y^<br/>Chapter CONCLUSION<br/>CHAPTER 7-STEATITE ACQUISITION NETWORKS 178<br/>Chapter introduction - "steatite civilization" 178<br/>Steatite in the Indus Tradition 179<br/>The steatite assemblage at Harappaand samples selectedfor thisstudy 181<br/>Steatite samplesfrom otherprehistoric sites 186<br/>Identifying potential steatite sources for Indus Tradition peoples 189<br/>Steatitepetrogenesis 189<br/>Samplinggeologic sources 192<br/>Steatite occurrences oftheGreater Indus region 19^<br/>Steatiteoccurrences in Balochistan 193<br/>Las Bela District 193<br/>Kalat District 197<br/>Zhob District 197<br/>Steatite occurrences in theNWFP, FATA and Northern Areas 199<br/>Kurram Agency 199<br/>KhyberAgency 101<br/>Peshawar District 101<br/>Mohmand Agency 101<br/>Chitral District 2,01<br/>Northern Areas 2,02<br/>Swat District ^04<br/>Hazara District<br/>Steatite occurrences in the Himalayas<br/>Jammu and Kashmir 2^0^<br/>Himachal Pradesh 2.07<br/>Uttaranchai 208<br/>Steatite occurrences in Rajasthan 2.08<br/>Northern Rajasthan 109<br/>Jhunjhunu District Z09<br/>Alwar and Dausa districts 109<br/>Southern Rajasthan 109<br/>Dolomiticoccurrences sampled 11 z<br/>Ultramafic occurrences sampled 112<br/>Steatiteoccurrences in Gujarat 211<br/>Abriefnote onsteatite occurrences in other regions 11 j<br/>AGEOLOGIC PROVENIENCE STUDY OF STEATITE ARTIFACTS FROM HaRAPPA AND SEVEN OTHER SITES " ZI J<br/>Pastgeologicprovenience studies ofsteatite artifacts j^<br/>Details andresults ofthe present study ^j^<br/>Initial CDA and CA comparisons ofall steatite artifacts to the geologic sources 115<br/>Unfired steatite artifacts from Harappa j<br/>Canonicaldiscriminantanalyses ^^,<br/>Cluster analyses 2^2^^<br/>Interpretation ofthe results 1j1<br/>Type associations ^j2<br/>Addressing the three lines ofinquiry 2.3 4<br/>Unfired steatite artifacts from othersites 2.41<br/>Mohenjo-daro 143<br/>Mitathal 2.4$<br/>Mehrgarh and Nausharo 2.45<br/>"Unknown" Loralai site<br/>Nagwada and GolaDhoro<br/>Tepe Hissar<br/>^ 151 Addendum: Recent findings from Dholavira and Rakhigarhi ^^^<br/>Summary AND DISCUSSION<br/>i54 Indus Tradition steatiteacquisition networks (provisional} ^<br/>Heat-treatingsteatiteandthe desirefor "white-firing"stone ^^^<br/>Chapter CONCLUSION<br/>i6i<br/>CHAPTER 8 - AGATE ACQUISITION NETWORKS<br/>161<br/>Chapter introduction - Sourcing Harappan agate<br/>z6i Geoloov and potential sources of agate .n the Greater Indus recon and beyond<br/>Theformation ofagateandagate deposits<br/>165<br/>Potential Harappan agate sources<br/>166<br/>Agate deposits in Gujarat<br/>166<br/>Southeastern Gujarat - Ratanpur area deposits<br/>Northern Gujarat<br/>170<br/>Khandek, Eastern Kutch<br/>171<br/>Mardak Bet, Little Rann ofKutch<br/>EasternGujarat and Saurashtra<br/>Agate deposits elsewhere in SouthAsia<br/>Peninsular, Centraland Eastern India o<br/>Z78<br/>Northern deposits<br/>179<br/>Sindh and Balochistan<br/>z8o<br/>Agate deposits beyond the Greater Indus region<br/>Section conclusion<br/>2,82 AGEOLOGIC PROVENIENCE STUDY OF AGATE ARTIFACTS FROM HaRAPPA AND FIVE OTHER SITES 183<br/>Agatesource andproxy sourcesampks<br/>283<br/>Agate artifacts<br/>Artifacts from Harappa<br/>Artifacts from five other Indus Tradition sites ^gg<br/>Analysis andcomparison ^<br/>Interpretation (andqualification) oftheresults<br/>Artifacts from Harappa<br/>Artifacts from the five other Indus Tradition sites<br/>Chapter CONCLUSION<br/>CHAPTER 9-VESUVIANITE-GROSSULARACQUISITION NETWORKS 300<br/>Chapter Introduction - Harappan "Jade"<br/>The mineralogy OF VESUVIANITE-GROSSULAR jqq<br/>Characterization andidentificationof vesuvianite-grossular at Harappa 301<br/>Is VESUVIANITE-GROSSULAR HaRAPPAN "JADE"? jOS<br/>Where didthe vesuvianite-grossular acquiredby Harappans come from? 307<br/>Potential vesuvianite-grossular sources in India 3<br/>Potential vesuvianite-grossularsources in Pakistan 3jj<br/>An INAA comparison ofvesuvianite-grossular artifacts to samples from three sources 3,2,<br/>Was vesuvianite-grossularexportedto Mesopotamia from the Greater Indus region? 316<br/>Vesuvianite-grossular at Harappa and its association with "Ernestite" 318<br/>Chapter conclusion<br/>32.4<br/>CHAPTER 10-ALABASTER ACQUISITION NETWORKS<br/>Chapter Introduction - The different forms of gypsum at Indus Civilization sites 315<br/>Alabaster AT Harappa<br/>Potential sources of Harappan alabaster<br/>319 Gypsum occurrences that are not alabastersources ^^^<br/>Indus Alluvium/Thar Desert<br/>32.9<br/>Western Sindh<br/>330<br/>Gujarat<br/>Salt Range<br/>333<br/>The SulaimanRange 334<br/>Kohat 33S<br/>Otherpotentialalabastersources 336<br/>Afghanistan 336<br/>Hazara(NWFP) 336<br/>Jammu and Kashmir 336<br/>Western Himalayas 336<br/>Determining the geologic provenience of Harappan alabaster artifacts 337<br/>Geologic background - Marine evaporites andisotope curvesforSand Srinseawater 337<br/>The sulfur curve 338<br/>The strontium curve 339<br/>Sulfur andstrontium isotope analyses ofgeologic sources and Harappan artifacts ^40<br/>Sulfur isotope analysis andresults<br/>Strontium isotope analysis and results j4<br/>Bivariate plotting ofthe Sand Sr analysis data<br/>Chronologicalandspatialinterpretation ofalabasterprovenience determinations ^<br/>Characterization of Mari "Diamonds" from Harappa j<br/>Chapter conclusion 352.<br/>CHAPTER 11-LIMESTONE ACQUISITIONNETWORKS 354<br/>Chapter introduction - Limestone 354<br/>Large limestone objects at Harappa and other Indus cities 554<br/>Types OF limestone USED AT Harappa AND their potential sources<br/>Sandylimestones<br/>Banded yellow-brown andyellow-brown sandy limestone (BANDED)<br/>Bright yellow-red sandy limestone (GOLDEN)<br/>Gray-red sandy limestone (GRAY)<br/>Three possible source formations for the sandy limestones used at Harappa ^^4<br/>Micritic and white chalky-porcelaneous limestones (MICRITICand WHITE) ^^j<br/>Section summary ^<br/>Geologic provenience studies of Harappan limestone artifacts<br/>Past studies, choice ofinstrumentation andpresentation ofdata<br/>The archaeological andgeologic limestone datasets<br/>Sample preparation, analysis and data evaluation<br/>373<br/>Pilot study usinf^ the initialsample set<br/>ICP-MSanalysis of the initial set<br/>^7S<br/>INAA of the initial set<br/>376<br/>ICP-AES analysis of the initial set<br/>^-'6<br/>Analysis of the expanded set using IC!P-AES<br/>(omparisons at the level ofgeologic formation ^<br/>Banded yellow-brown and yellow brown sandy limestone ,^,<br/>Bright or "GOLDEN" yellow-red sandy limestone (Jaisalmer stone?) 383<br/>GRAY-red sandy limestone 3^6<br/>Micritic limestone 388<br/>WHITE chalky porcelaneous limestone 388<br/>Sectionsummary 39°<br/>Discussion - Large limestone objects at Harappa in context 591<br/>Chapter conclusion 395<br/>CHAPTER 12-LEAD,SILVERAND COPPER ACQUISITION NETWORKS 396<br/>Chapter introduction - Metals 596<br/>Lead, lead ARTIFACTS AND artifacts CONTAINING OR derived FROM LEAD 397<br/>Lead ISOTOPEANALYSIS 397<br/>EDTAsampling ofleadandsilver artifacts and analysis usingICP-MS J98<br/>PresentingandplottingPb isotope data 4oo<br/>Lead AND SILVER<br/>The Pb isotope database ofpotential Harappan leadandsilversources 401<br/>Lead deposits in Balochistan 403<br/>Lead deposits in the NWFP 4os<br/>Lead deposits in Jammu and Kashmir 4o6<br/>Lead deposits in Himachal Pradesh and Lfttaranchal 4o8<br/>Lead deposits in Rajasthan and Gujarat 411<br/>Lead deposits elsewhere in South Asia 4' 5<br/>Lead deposits inOman and Iran 415<br/>Afghanistan<br/>Plottingand evaluating the Pb isotope datafor South Asian lead deposits 4'7<br/>Determining the probablegeologicproveniences ofleadartifactsfrom Harappa 4io<br/>Lead ores<br/>"Finished" lead artifacts 4i 3<br/>Lead slags and lumps 42.6<br/>Lead residues<br/>Isotopic assays ofleadandsilver artifactsfrom otherprehistoric sites 432-<br/>The sites and artifacts 43?<br/>Results<br/>Lead artifacts 441<br/>Silver artifacts 44i<br/>Interpretation ofthe Pb isotope datafor lead and silver artifactsfrom allsites 443<br/>Ongoing studies ofleadandsilver artifacts and sources 446<br/>Copper<br/>Copper ore at Harappa 447<br/>Ihe Phisotope database for copper ore sources 447<br/>The Aravallis<br/>TheHimalayas 450<br/>Sources westof the IndusValley 451<br/>Iran 453<br/>Oman 45}<br/>Analysis and results 454<br/>Abriefnote onfurtherandongoingstudies ofHarappan copper 456<br/>Comparison OF THE LEAD AND COPPER DATASETS 456<br/>Chapter CONCLUSION 459<br/>CHAPTER 13-SUMMARYANDDISCUSSION 461<br/>Chapter INTRODUCTION 461<br/>Summary 461<br/>Ravi Phase - Period i (ca. 3300 BCto 2S00 BC) 463<br/>Kot DijiPhase - Period2 (2800 to 2600 BC) 464<br/>Harappa Phase - PeriodjA (2600 to 2450 BC) 464<br/>Harappa Phase - PeriodjB (24^0 to2200 BC) 466<br/>Harappa Phase - Period3C(2200 toipoo BC) 466<br/>Transitionaland LateHarappa Phase - Periods 4&s (ca. 1900 to <1300 BC) 468<br/>Provenience datafrom otherprehistoric sites - Seventh tothird millennium BC 468<br/>Addressing the THREE LINES OF inquiry 471<br/>Discussion 481<br/>The development andnature ofHarappan rock andmineralacquisition networks 483<br/>Competition andthe control ofessential resources 485<br/>Harappan inter-cultural relationships<br/>Theprimary rock and mineral resource catchment areas ofIndus cities<br/>Harappas primary rock and mineral catchment area<br/>Projected primary catchment areas for other Indus Civilization cities<br/>Abriefconsideration ofundetected acquisition patterns at Harappa 496<br/>Chapter conclusion<br/>CHAPTER 14 - CONCLUDING REMARKS<br/>Accomplishments andfuture directions<br/>APPENDICES<br/>APPENDIX 1.1: Provenience vs. Provenance.<br/>APPENDIX 2.1: Major divisions of geologic time.<br/>APPENDIX 2.1 Remarks and observations on the attr.t.on oe stone ,n r.vhrbeos<br/>APPENDIX 3.1: Mohs' Mineral Hardness scale.<br/>APPENDIX 4.1: X.RAV D.EERACT.ON analyses OE HaRAEEAN rock and mNERA,. art,pacts.<br/>APPENDIX 4.2: Representative XRD scans.<br/>492.<br/>491<br/>495<br/>499<br/>500<br/>Soo<br/>505<br/>506<br/>so-'<br/>S'l<br/>sn<br/>S I s<br/>A.Steatite fragment H1000/2084-1<br/>B. Steatite fragment Hiooo/898 j-3<br/>C.Steatite fragment H95/5719-99<br/>D. Copper ore fragment H90/1070-12 ^^^<br/>E. Copper ore fragment H95/4943-8 ^^^<br/>EComposite offour XRD scans ofvesuvianite-grossular garnet fragments ^^<br/>G. Alabaster fragment H2000/9999-130 ^^g<br/>H. Lapis lazuliblocklet H2000/9999-77<br/>I. "Ernestite" fragment Hiooo/3317-4 ^^g<br/>J. "Ernestite" fragment Hzooo/3317-3<br/>K. "Ochre" fragment H90/3073-7.4<br/>L."Ochre" fragment Hiooo/9999-121<br/>M. Leadorefragment H90/3011-147<br/>N. Lead orefragment H99/8857-1<br/>O. Leadorefragment H90/3193-6<br/>P. Serpentine fragment H94/4999-13<br/>Q. Serpentine beadH2000/9508-2<br/>R. Calcite fragment H2000/2110-77<br/>S.Eluorite fragment H97/6977-7<br/>T.Mica fragment H87/62.<br/>U. Prehnite fragment H96/6303-475<br/>V. Sulfiir fragment 1^96/6219-43<br/>W.Turquoise fragment H94/4999-213<br/>X.Chagai "turquoise" sample from J.-E Jarrige<br/>APPENDIX 4.3:Characterization of two basalt artifacts using EMPA.<br/>APPENDIX 4.4: The Lapis Lazuli Question.<br/>Introduction ^^^g<br/>Lapis lazuli in Ancient South Asia ^^g<br/>Potential Harappan lapis lazuli sources ^^i<br/>Doubts about asource oflapis lazuli in the Chagai Hills ^^,<br/>Asulfur isotope study oflapis lazuli artifacts and source samples ^ ^<br/>The sample set<br/>Samplepreparation and analysis ^^^<br/>Results<br/>Recent lapis lazuli provenience research using othertechniques<br/>Conclusion<br/>APPENDIX 4.5: The "Ernestite" Problem.<br/>"Ernestite"<br/>XRD analysis of"Ernestite"<br/>EMPA of"Ernestite"<br/>515<br/>515<br/>519<br/>519<br/>519<br/>520<br/>520<br/>510<br/>521<br/>521<br/>511<br/>522<br/>522<br/>5i3<br/>5iJ<br/>52-4<br/>52.4<br/>515<br/>540<br/>541<br/>541<br/>544<br/>544<br/>547<br/>Whatis"Ernestite" ? ^49<br/>Where does "Ernestice" come from? ^^^<br/>"Ernestite" as adrill-making material 55?<br/>Conclusion<br/>Addendum -A small test ^^<br/>APPENDIX 4.6: A Late Harappan Kaolinite Bead.<br/>Discovery<br/>Identification<br/>VP-SEM 556<br/>XRD 558<br/>Conclusion<br/>APPENDIX 4.7: The identification, characterization and potential sources of a nephrite jade<br/>amulet recovered from the cemetery area at HaRAPPA. 561<br/>Description and discovery 561<br/>Identification and characterization S^ •<br/>XRD S6i<br/>yP-SEM<br/>Conclusion 5^5<br/>Potential sources 5^ ?<br/>Possibilities for future studies S68<br/>APPENDIX 5-1: All querns and mullers (whole and fragmentary) recovered from<br/>excavations and surveys at Harappa from 1986 to 1004. 569<br/>APPENDIX 5.2: Grindingstones in the Harappa Museum from pre-1986 excavations. 591<br/>APPENDIX 6.1:Elemental concentrations for 9 black chert artifacts from Harappa. 59^<br/>APPENDIX 6.2: Elemental concentrations for black chert samples from the Bolan PassandJammu. 59?<br/>APPENDIX 6.3: Elemental concentrations forblack chert samples from Sakesar Limestone,Salt Range, s94<br/>APPENDIX 6.4: Elemental concentrations fortan-gray chert artifacts from Harappa and Nagwada. 594<br/>APPENDIX 6.5: Elemental concentrations fortan-gray chertsamples from four Rohri Hills locations. s9S<br/>APPENDIX 6.6: Elemental concentrations for tan-gray chert samples from Balochistan, the<br/>NWFP and the Punjab.<br/>APPENDIX 6.7: Standardized canonical discriminant function coefficients for figures in Chapter 6<br/>generated using canonical discriminant analysis.<br/>APPENDIX 7.1: Type, context and CDA prediction information for the unfirko steatite artifacts<br/>from Harappa analyzed for this study.<br/>APPENDIX 7.2, Steatite delosits ,n Pakistan Am, In,,,A SAM,.,.En e<,r th,s stu„v, L.<br/>APPENDIX 7.3: INAA data for steatite ssaammipLletss c<notll1ected from deposits in Pakistan and India. 604<br/>APPENDIX 7.4: INAA data for steatite artifacts from Harappa. .<br/>APPENDIX 7.5: INAA data for unfired steatitf-aArKtinki-aA(t Tt<S. I-ROM i\Vi lOHENJO-OARt) (MD). 6lS<br/>APPENDIX /.6: INAA data for unfired stfatitf ARriKAf cujax. \ 1<br/>ADDPNiniV " IMAA Mkhrc.arh (MR) and Nai-sharo (NS). 6. s<br/>A ,,|„,<br/>unkn„wnI.„,.a,a,.te,U,R,an„1h.,:H,ssak(IH)an„M„at„„ IMTI.<br/>APPKNI)IX-.8,Stan„ai>,„/.e„<an<,n|(a, v<br/>Chapter 7 generated USING CANONICAL DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS. 617<br/>APPENDIX7.9: Cluster Analysis (Complete linkage) of all steatite artifacts and geologic samples. 619<br/>APPENDIX 7.10: Cluster Analysis (Complete linkage) of 140 steatite artifacts from Harappa. 6j4<br/>APPENDIX 7.11: Cluster Analysis (Complete linkage) of all 177 steatite artifacts. 6j6<br/>APPENDIX 7.12: Notes on experimental heating of black steatite from Mehrgarh. 640<br/>APPENDIX 7.13: XRD characterization of six white beads from Mehrgarh. 647<br/>APPENDIX 7.14:XRD AND EMPAcharacterization of steatite beads from Harappa, Loralai.<br/>AND GOLA DhORO. 649<br/>APPENDIX 7.15: EMPA, VP-SEM and XRD observations of a steatite seal boss from Harappa. 651<br/>Introduction 651<br/>Boss description and summary ofpast work on seal surfacc treatments 6^j<br/>EMPA 655<br/>VP-SEM/EDS 659<br/>Surface layerin section 659<br/>Micro-crack 661<br/>Patchy exteriorsurface 665<br/>XRD 666<br/>Conclusion 667<br/>APPENDIX 7.16: Heating and characterization of steatite from various geologic sources. 669<br/>APPENDIX 7.17: Is it possible to source fired steatite artifacts using INAA? 678<br/>Introduction 678<br/>Experimental heating and INAA 678<br/>Results 680<br/>Conclusion 685<br/>APPENDIX 8.1: INAAdata for agate samples from Ratanpur, Gujarat. 686<br/>APPENDIX 8.2: INAAdata for agate samples from Mardak Bet, Gujarat. 687<br/>APPENDIX 8.3: INAA data for agate SAMples from Khandek, Gujarat. 688<br/>APPENDIX 8.4: INAA data for agate artifacts from Shahr-i-Sokhta, Iran. 688<br/>APPENDIX 8.5: INAA data for agate artifacts from Harappa. 689<br/>APPENDIX 8.6: INAA data for agate artifacts from Mehrgarh (AMR) AND Nausharo(ANS). •• 690<br/>APPENDIX 8.7: INAA data for agate artifacts from Mohenjo-daro (AMD), Chanhu-daro (ACD)<br/>and Nagwada (ANGW). 691<br/>APPENDIX 88- First predicted group memberships (PGMs) for agate artifacts generated from<br/>three CDAs IN Chapter 8. 691<br/>APPENDIX 8 9- Standardized canonical discriminant function coefficients for the scatter and<br/>box plots in C;hapter 8 generated using canonical discriminant analysis. 69?<br/>APPENDIX 9.1: EMPA of archaeological and geologic vesuvianite-grossular samples. 694<br/>Archacological fragments ^94<br/>(ieologii Samples<br/>APPENDIX 9^ Anai VSKS ofvesuvianite-grossui ar fragments from Mohenjo-daro. 698<br/>APPENDIX 9VXRD of massivf vfsuvianitf from Kumbhai garh 1-orest, Rajasthan. 699<br/>APPENDIX 9.4: INAA data for vesuvianite-grossular samples from Harappa and Mohenjo-daro<br/>(MDV). 700<br/>APPENDIX9.5: INAAdata for vesuvianite-grossular samples from Sakhakot-Qila (FATA-SQ) and<br/>Taleri MohammedJan (B-TMJ). 701<br/>APPENDIX 9.6: INAA DATA FORvesuvianite-grossular samples from Kumbhalgarh Forest Reserve,<br/>Rajasthan (Raj-K). 701<br/>APPENDIX 9.7: Standardized canonical discriminant function coefficients for Figure 9.8. 701<br/>APPENDIX 9.8: Six alternate clustering strategies using the vesuvianite-grossular comparative<br/>data. 703<br/>APPENDIX 9.9: Isthe vesuvianite-grossular / "Ernestite" association genuine? 704<br/>APPENDIX 10.1:Sulfur and strontium isotope values for alabaster artifacts from Harappa,<br/>Mohenjo-daro, RehmanDheri AND Musa Khel. yog<br/>APPENDIX 10.2: Sulfur and strontium isotope values for geologic samples of alabaster from<br/>sources inthe Sulaiman Mountains, Salt Range and Kohat. 709<br/>APPENDIX 10.3: List of pink bi-pyramidal quartz crystals (Mari "Diamonds") from Harappa. 710<br/>APPENDIX 11.1: Archaeological limestonesamples from Harappa analyzed for this study. 711<br/>APPENDIX 11.2: Results of ICP-MS analysis of the initial limestone set. y,^<br/>APPENDIX 11.3: Results of INAA analysis of the initial limestone set.<br/>APPENDIX 11.4: Results of ICP-AES analysis of the expanded geologic limestone sampleset. - - 717<br/>APPENDIX 11.5: Results of ICP-AES analysis of the expanded Harappan limestone sample set. --- 711<br/>APPENDIX 11.6: Standardized canonical discriminant function coefficients for figures in<br/>Chapter i i generated using canonical discriminant analysis. 72,6<br/>APPENDIX 11.7: Hierarchical cluster analysis of initial limestone samples set INAA data. 717<br/>APPENDIX 12.1: Pb isotope DATA forore samples from LEAD deposits in India, Pakistan and Oman. - 718<br/>APPENDIX 12.2: Context and Pb isotope data for 19 archaeological lead ore fragments from<br/>Harappa.<br/>735 APPENDIX 12.3: Pb isotope data for lead artifacts, slags, lumps and residues from Harappa. 7,6<br/>APPENDIX 12.4: Pb isotope data for lead artifacts from Shahr-i-Sokhta. Mundigak, Mehrgarh,<br/>Nausharo, Gola Dhoro and Mohenjo-daro.<br/>APPENDIX 12.5: PB .SOTOPE data for silver artifacts from Allahdino. Mohenjo-daro, Mundigak,<br/>Gola Dhoro and Nagwada. APPENDIX 12.6: P„ ISOTOPE data for the argentiferous galena deposit at Nakhlak IRAN . Z<br/>APPENDIX 12.7: XRD AND Pb ISOTOPE ANALYSES OF modern lead OBJECTS AND SUBSTANCES<br/>APPENDIX 12.8: p. ISOTOPE DATA FOR COPPER ORES AND SLAGS FROM DEPOSITS IN InDIA, PAKISTAN ,RAN<br/>AND Oman.<br/>APPENDIX 12.9: Pb isotope data for seven copper ores from Harappa<br/>APPENDIX 1.V1: POSSIBLE ROUTES FROM THE I.DUS BaSIN TO THE SITE OF ShORTUGHAL ^<br/> |
