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Software evolution and feedback: Theory and practice / (Record no. 1993)

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082 04 - DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION NUMBER
Classification number	005.1
Item number	MAD/S
245 00 - TITLE STATEMENT
Title	Software evolution and feedback: Theory and practice /
Statement of responsibility, etc.	[edited by] Nazim H. Madhavji, Juan C. Fernández-Ramil and Dewayne E. Perry.
260 ## - PUBLICATION, DISTRIBUTION, ETC. (IMPRINT)
Place of publication, distribution, etc.	Chichester, England ;
--	Hoboken, N.J. :
Name of publisher, distributor, etc.	John Wiley & Sons,
Date of publication, distribution, etc.	c2006
300 ## - PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION
Extent	575 p. :
500 ## - GENERAL NOTE
General note	Title from title screen.
504 ## - BIBLIOGRAPHY, ETC. NOTE
Bibliography, etc	Includes bibliographical references and index.
505 ## - FORMATTED CONTENTS NOTE
Formatted contents note	Contents<br/>Foreword<br/>Preface<br/>Acknowledgements<br/>Editors' Biographies<br/>List of Contributors<br/>PART ONE SOFTWARE EVOLUTION<br/>1<br/>1.1<br/>1.2<br/>1.3<br/>Software Evolution<br/>Meir Lehman and Juan C. Ferndndez-Ramil<br/>Introduction<br/>1.1.1 Evolution<br/>1.1.2 Interpretation of the Term Evolution in the Conte.xt of Softivare<br/>The Evolution of Large Software Sy.stems<br/>1.2.1 Early Work<br/>1.2.2 Large Progranu<br/>Program Classification<br/>1.3.1 The SPE Program Clas.sification Schema<br/>1.3.2 S-type Application.^ and Software<br/>1.3.3 E-type Applications and Software<br/>1.3.4 P-type Situations and Software<br/>1.4 The Inevitability of Evolution<br/>1.5 Levels of Software-Related Evolution<br/>1.6 Ah Initio Implementation or Change<br/>1.6.1 Process Steps<br/>1.6.2 The LST Paradigm<br/>1.6.3 Phenomenological Analysis of Real-World Computer Usage<br/>1.6.4 Theoretical Underpinning<br/>1.6.5 The Value of Formalisms and oj Verification<br/>1.6.6 Bounding<br/>1.6.7 The Con.sec/uence: Continual System Evolution<br/>XIX<br/>XXI<br/>XXVIl<br/>XXIX<br/>XXXI<br/>1<br/>7<br/>7<br/>7<br/>9<br/>10<br/>10<br/>10<br/>12<br/>13<br/>13<br/>14<br/>16<br/>16<br/>17<br/>18<br/>18<br/>19<br/>20<br/>21<br/>1.6.8 Summary<br/>1.6.9 Principle of Software Uncertainly<br/>1.7 Software Systems Evolution<br/>1.7.1 Early Work<br/>1.7.2 FEAST<br/>1.7.3 The Growth Trend<br/>1.7.4 Evolution Drivers<br/>1.7.5 Relationship Between the Above Levels of Evolution<br/>1.7.6 Evolutionary Development<br/>1.8 Evolution of the Application and Its Domain<br/>1.9 Process Evolution<br/>1.9.1 Software Processes as Systems<br/>1.9.2 Process Improvement<br/>1.9.3 The Theoretical Approach<br/>1.9.4 Evolving Specifications<br/>1.9.5 The Empirical Approach<br/>1.9.6 Laws of Software Evolution<br/>1.9.7 The Ephemeral Process<br/>1.10 Process Model Evolution<br/>1.10.1 The Nature of the Software Proce.ss<br/>1.10.2 Process Models<br/>1.10.3 Software Process Models<br/>1.10.4 Process Improvement<br/>1.10.5 Links Between Process and Process Mod^l r ; ■<br/>1.11 Relationships Between Levels '^1 Evolution<br/>1.11.1 The Software/Software Process Comm.,<br/>1.13 Acknowledgments<br/>References<br/>2 A Nontraditional View of the Dimensions of<br/>Dewayne E. Perry Software Evolution<br/>2.1 Introduction<br/>2.2 The Domains<br/>2.2.1 The Real World and Its Model<br/>2.2.2 The Model and the Derived<br/>2.2.3 Theory 'fixation<br/>2.3 Experience<br/>2.3.1 Feedback<br/>2.3.2 Experimentation<br/>2.3.3 Understanding<br/>2.4 Process<br/>2.4.1 Methods<br/>2.4.2 Technology<br/>2.4.d Organization<br/>2.5 Summary<br/>0 6 Acknowledgments<br/>References<br/>3 IT Legacy Systems: Enabling Environments That Reduce<br/>the Legacy Problem: A Complexity Perspective<br/>Professor Eve Mitlelon-Kelly<br/>3.1 Introduction<br/>3.2 The Legacy Problem<br/>3.2.1 Feedback<br/>3.2.2 Co-evoliuion<br/>3.2.3 The Social Ecosystem<br/>3.3 The Two Case Studies<br/>3.3.1 Business ami Market<br/>3.3.2 Organi.sation and Management<br/>3.3.3 Technology<br/>3.3.4 Interactions between the Various Elements<br/>3.4 The Socio-Technical Enabling Environment<br/>3.4.1 The Bank's Enabling Environment<br/>3.4.2 The Building Society and Some Comple.xity Principles<br/>3.5 Summary and Conclusions<br/>3.6 Acknowledgements<br/>References<br/>4 Facets of Software Evolution<br/>Roland T. Mittermeir<br/>4.1 Introduction<br/>4.2 What is Software?<br/>4.2.! Software: A Technical Artefact<br/>4.2.2 Software: A Utility<br/>4.2.3 Software: A Text, Reflecting Reality<br/>4.2.4 Software is Information<br/>4.3 Evolution<br/>4.3.1 Principles<br/>4.3.2 Evolution Drivers<br/>4.4 Strata of Software-Size and Complexity<br/>4.4.1 Module<br/>4.4.2 Design Unit<br/>4.4.3 Architecture<br/>4.4.4 System<br/>4.4.5 System-of-Systems<br/>4.4.6 Discussion<br/>4.5 Approaches to (??-)evolve<br/>4.5.1 Changes in Modules<br/>4.5.2 Modifying Design Units<br/>4.5.3 Evolution on the Architectural Level<br/>4.5.4 System-Level Evolution<br/>4.5.5 Evolution of Systems-of-Systems<br/>4.6 An Example<br/>4.6.1 A Systeni-of-Sy.stems?<br/>4.6.2 System-Level Changes<br/>4.6.3 Architectural Decisions<br/>4.6.4 Design Units<br/>4.6.5 Modules<br/>4.6.6 Discussion<br/>4.7 Summary<br/>References<br/>5 Evolution in Software Systems: Foundations of the SPE Classification Scheme<br/>Stephen Cook, Rachel Harrison, Meir M. Lehman and Paul Wernick<br/>5.1 Introduction<br/>5.2 Background and Related Work<br/>5.2.1 Software Evolution<br/>5.2.2 Stakeholders, Architecture and Software Evolution<br/>5.2.3 Hermeneutics and Software Evolution<br/>5.2.4 Requirements Analysis, Paradigms and Hermeneutics<br/>5.3 SPE+<br/>5.3.1 Introduction<br/>5.3.2 The SPE+ Taxonomy<br/>5.3.3 Validation of SPE+<br/>5.4 Conclusions and Future Research<br/>5.5 Acknowledgements<br/>References<br/>6 A Simple Model of Software System Evolutionary Growth<br/>Wladyslaw M. Turski<br/>References<br/>7 Statistical Modelling of Software Evolution Processes<br/>Tetsuo Tamai and Takako Nakatani<br/>7.1 Introduction<br/>7.2 Approach<br/>7.2.1 Measurement<br/>7.2.2 Case Studies<br/>7.2.3 Metrics<br/>7.3 Observed Evolution Patterns<br/>7.3.1 Stable Statistic Model<br/>7.3.2 Exceptional Data<br/>7.3.3 Discontinuous Change<br/>7.3.4 Class Tree Characteristics<br/>7.4 Distribution Model<br/>7.4.1 Negative Binomial Distribution<br/>7.4.2 Evolution of Model Parameters<br/>7.4.3 Larger Case Study<br/>7.5 Discussions<br/>References<br/>8 Software Requirements Changes<br/>Due to External Factors<br/>Vic Nanda and Nazim H. Madhavji<br/>8.1 Introduction<br/>8.1.1 Organisation of This Chapter<br/>8.2 Congruence Evaluation System (CES): A Case Study<br/>8.2.1 CES Context and Key Events<br/>8.2.2 Contribution. Relevance and Applicability of This Case Stiulv<br/>8.2.3 CES: Background and Implementation Strategy<br/>8.2.4 Analysis of CES Capabilities<br/>8.2.5 The Impact of Environmental Evolution<br/>8.2.6 Threats to Validity<br/>8.3 Lessons Learnt and Conclusions<br/>References<br/>Appendix A: An Instrument to Assess Sy.stem Deficiencies<br/>Appendix B: An Instrument to As.sess Environment Evolution<br/>9 Understanding Open Source Software Evolution<br/>Walt Scacchi<br/>9.1 Introduction<br/>9.2 Empirical Studies of Software Evolution<br/>9.2.1 Studies of the Laws of Software Evolution<br/>9.2.2 Other Empirical Studies of Software Evolution<br/>9.3 Evolutionary Patterns in Open Source Software<br/>9.3.1 Types of Entities for Studying F/OSS Evolution<br/>9.3.2 Patterns in Open Source Software Evolution Studies<br/>9.4 Evolution Models and Theories<br/>9.5 Do We Need New or Revised Models, Laws or Theories<br/>for Open Source Software Evolution?<br/>9.5.1 Embracing the Feedback Control Sy.stems Ontology<br/>9.5.2 Alternative Ontologies for F/OSS Evolution<br/>9.6 Conclusions<br/>9.7 Acknowledgements<br/>References<br/>10 Structural Analysis of Open Source Systems<br/>Andrea Capiluppi, Maurizio Morisio and Juan C. Ferndndez-Rantil<br/>10.1 Introduction<br/>10.2 Related Work<br/>10.3 Rationale<br/>10.4 Approach<br/>10.5 Attributes Studied<br/>10.5.1 Source Code Size<br/>10.5.2 Code Structure<br/>10.5.3 Modification Types<br/>10.6 Evolution of Code Structure<br/>10.6.1 Horizontally Expanding<br/>10.6.2 Vertically Shrinking<br/>10.6.3 Vertically E.xpanding<br/>10.7 Summary<br/>10.8 Current and Future Work<br/>10.9 Acknowledgements<br/>References<br/>Appendix<br/>11 A Study of Software Evolution at Different Levels of Granularity<br/>Elizabeth Burd<br/>II. 1 Introduction<br/>11.2 Existing Studies of Software Evolution<br/>11.3 Ca.se Study Approach<br/>11.4 Results<br/>! 1.4.1 The System Level<br/>11.4.2 Level 2. The Function Level<br/>11.4.3 Level 3, The Data Level<br/>11.4.4 Comparing Levels<br/>11.5 General Recommendations<br/>11.6 Conclusions<br/>References<br/>12 The Role of Ripple Effect in Software Evolution<br/>Sue Black<br/>12.1 Introduction<br/>12.2 Impact Analysis<br/>12.3 Software Maintenance and Software Maintenance Models<br/>12.4 Background on the Ripple Effect<br/>12.4.1 Computation of the Ripple Effect<br/>12.4.2 The REST Software Tool<br/>12.5 Links Between Ripple Effect and the Laws of Software Evolution<br/>12.5.1 First Law - Continuing Change<br/>12.5.2 Second Law - Growing Complexity<br/>12.5.3 Third Law - Self Regulation<br/>12.5.4 Fourth Law - Conser\>ation of Organisational Stability<br/>12.5.5 Fifth Law - Conser\'ation of Familiarity<br/>12.5.6 Sixth Law - Contmidng Growth<br/>12.5.7 Seventh Law - Declining Quality<br/>12.5.8 Eighth Law - Feedback System<br/>12.6 Conclu.sions<br/>12.7 Further Work<br/>12.8 Acknowledgements<br/>References<br/>13 The Impact of Software-Architecture Compliance on System Evolution<br/>R. Mark Greenwood, Ken Mayes, Wykeen Seet, Brian C. Warboys,<br/>Dharini Balasubramaniam, Graham Kirby, Ron Morrisoit arid Aled Sage<br/>13.1 Introduction<br/>13.2 Evolution and Compliance<br/>13.3 A Generic Scheduling Problem<br/>13.3.1 A ProcessWeb Example<br/>13.3.2 Programming Around Poor Compliance<br/>13.4 Compliance Through Configuration<br/>13.4.1 Trade-offs in Configuration<br/>13.5 Exploiting an Analytical Model<br/>13.5.1 A First Analytical Model for Proces.sWeb<br/>13.6 Discussion<br/>13.7 Acknowledgements<br/>References<br/>14 Comparison of Three Evaluation Methods for Object-Oriented<br/>Framework Evolution<br/>Michael Mattsson<br/>14.1 Introduction<br/>14.2 Object-oriented Frameworks<br/>14.2.1 The Studied Frameworks<br/>14.3 Methods and Results<br/>14.3.1 Evolution Identification Using Historical Information<br/>14.3.2 Stability Assessment<br/>14.3.3 Distribution of the Development Ejfort<br/>14.4 Method Comparison<br/>14.4.1 Change-prone Modides<br/>14.4.2 Framework Deployment<br/>14.4.3 Change Impact Analysis<br/>14.4.4 Benchmarking<br/>14.4.5 Requirements Management<br/>14.4.6 Some Comments<br/>14.5 Related Work<br/>14.6 Conclusion<br/>References<br/>15 Formal Perspectives on Software Evolution: From Refinement<br/>to Retrenchment<br/>Michael Poppleton and Lindsay Groves<br/>15.1 Introduction<br/>15.2 Program Refinement<br/>15.3 Modifying Refinements by Adapting Derivations<br/>15.4 A Compositional Approach to Program Modification<br/>15.5 Retrenchment<br/>15.5.1 Refinement - a Relational Perspective<br/>15.5.2 The Need to Generalise Refinement<br/>15.5.3 Retrenchment: Generalising Refinement<br/>15.5.4 Retrenchment for Software Evolution<br/>15.6 Conclusions<br/>References<br/>16 Background and Approach to Development of a Theory of Software Evolution<br/>Meir M. Lehman and Juan C. Ferndndez-Ramil<br/>16.1 Software Evolution<br/>16.2 Global Views of Evolution<br/>16.2.1 Two Approaches<br/>16.2.2 The Verbal Approach<br/>16.2.3 The Nomal Approach<br/>16.2.4 Mutual Support of the Two View.s<br/>16.2.5 Process Improvement<br/>16.3 The Case for Theory<br/>16.4 Theory Development<br/>16.5 A World View<br/>16.5.1 Real-World Program Relationship<br/>16.5.2 Assumptions<br/>16.6 Example<br/>16.6.1 Introduction<br/>16.6.2 Preliminary Definitions<br/>16.6.3 Obserx'ations<br/>16.6.4 Inferences<br/>16.6.5 Guidelines<br/>16.7 The Theory<br/>16.8 Organisation of Theory Development<br/>16.9 Goals<br/>16.10 Related Work<br/>16.11 Final Remarks<br/>16.12 Acknowledgements<br/>References<br/>PART TWO FEEDBACK<br/>17 Difficulties with Feedback Control in Software Processes<br/>Meir M. Lehman, Dewayne E. Perry and Wlad Turski<br/>17.1 Introduction<br/>17.2 Feedback and Control<br/>17.3 Technology versus Sociology<br/>17.4 Manifesto and Model<br/>17.5 Influence versus Control<br/>17.5.1 Immaturity<br/>17.5.2 Feedback Overload<br/>17.5.3 Step Functions versus Regulation<br/>17.5.4 Design versus Production<br/>17.6 Examples of Feedback Control<br/>17.7 Summary<br/>17.8 Acknowledgments<br/>References<br/>18 Governing Software Evolution through Policy-oriented Feedback<br/>Nazim H. Madhavji and Josee Tasse<br/>18.1 Introduction<br/>18.2 The Policy-Checking Mechanism<br/>18.2.1 Controlling System Growth<br/>18.2.2 Re-engineering Change-Prone Modules<br/>18.2.3 Discussion<br/>18.3 The Contextual Framework<br/>18.3.1 New-Release Development<br/>18.3.2 Roles, Communication and Feedback<br/>18.3.3 The Framework Architecture<br/>18.4 Technological Support<br/>18.4.1 Policy-Checking Mechanism<br/>18.4.2 Framework<br/>18.5 Evaluation<br/>18.6 Related Work<br/>18.7 Conclu.sions<br/>References<br/>19 Feedback in Requirements Discovery and Specification:<br/>A Quality Gateway for Testing Requirements<br/>Suzanne Robertson<br/>19.1 Contents of the Requirements Specification<br/>19.2 Project Drivers<br/>19.2.1 Producers<br/>19.2.2 Consumers<br/>19.2.3 Sponsors<br/>19.2.4 Subject Matter Comsultants<br/>19.2.5 Technical Consultants<br/>19.2.6 Influencers<br/>19.2.7 Project-Sociology Analysis<br/>19.3 Contents of Individual Requirements<br/>19.4 Keeping Track of Connections<br/>19.5 The Quality Gateway<br/>19.6 Lessons Learnt<br/>19.7 Conclusion<br/>References<br/>20 Requirements Risk and Software Reliability<br/>Norman F. Schneidewind<br/>20.1 Introduction<br/>20.1.1 Requirements Changes and Software Evolution<br/>20.1.2 Objectives<br/>20.1.3 Methods<br/>20.2 Background<br/>20.3 Selected Measurement Research Projects<br/>20.4 Approach to Analyzing Requirements Risk<br/>20.4.1 Categorical Data Analysis<br/>20.5 Risk Factors<br/>20.5.1 Space Shuttle Flight Software Requirements Change Risk Factors<br/>20.6 Solutions to Risk Analysis Example<br/>20.6.1 Categorical Data Analysis<br/>20.6.2 Dependency Check on Risk Factors<br/>20.6.3 Identification of Modides that Caused Failures<br/>20.7 Future Trends<br/>20.8 Conclusions<br/>20.9 Acknowledgments<br/>References<br/>21 Combining Process Feedback with Discrete Event Simulation Models<br/>to Support Software Project Management<br/>David Rajfo and Joseph Vandeville<br/>21.1 Introduction<br/>21.2 Providing Up-to-Date Process Feedback<br/>21.2J Feedback in Simulation Models<br/>21.2.2 Metrics Repository<br/>21.3 Discrete Event Simulation Models<br/>21.4 Combining Process Feedback with the Discrete Model<br/>21.4.1 Comparing Statistical Process Control with Outcome Based Control Limits<br/>21.5 Illustrative Example<br/>21.5.1 The Scenario Under Consideration<br/>21.5.2 Determining the Performance of the Baseline Process<br/>21.5.3 Use of the Model and Metrics for Quantitative Process Feedback<br/>Management<br/>21.5.4 Assessing the Implications of Feedback and Developing an Action Plan<br/>(Is the Process in Control?)<br/>21.5.5 Taking Corrective Action and Asses.smg the Impact of the Changes<br/>21.6 Conclusions<br/>21.7 Acknowledgements<br/>References<br/>22 A Feedforward Capability to Improve Software Reestimation<br/>William W. Agresti<br/>22.1 Introduction<br/>22.1.1 Reestimation: State of the Practice<br/>22.1.2 Objective<br/>22.1.3 Related Research<br/>22.2 A Feedforward Capability<br/>22.2.1 Feedforward Estimation in Other Domains<br/>22.2.2 Feedforward Estimation in Software Development<br/>22.2.3 Operation of a Feedforward Model<br/>22.3 Example Uses of the Feedforward Concept<br/>22.3.1 Feedforward Capability Integrated with a Software Estimation Tool<br/>22.3.2 The Role of a Feedforward Capability in Risk Management<br/>22.4 Conclusion<br/>22.5 Acknowledgements<br/>Appendix<br/>References<br/>23 Modelling the Feedback Part of the Software Process in Software Resource<br/>Estimation<br/>Juan C. Fernandez-Ramil and Sarah Beecham<br/>23.1 Introduction<br/>23.2 The Evidence of Feedback<br/>23.3 The Need for a Taxonomy<br/>23.4 Feedback as a Cost Factor<br/>23.5 Cost Estimation as a 'System Identification' Problem<br/>23.6 Why do Algorithmic Cost Estimation >proaches such as COCOMO 'Work' ?<br/>23.7 Approaches to Model 'Feedback' in Cost Estimation Models<br/>23.8 Indirect Black-Box Modelling and Feedback-Related Cost Factors<br/>23.9 Final Remarks<br/>23.10 Acknowledgments<br/>References<br/>24 Value-Based Feedback in Software and Information Systems Development<br/>Barry Boehm and LiGiio Huang<br/>24.1 Introduction<br/>24.2 Feedback Control of Software Development: Four Primary Feedback Cycles<br/>24.2.1 Feedback Cycle I: Project Scoping<br/>24.2.2 Feedback Cycle 2: Project Execution<br/>24.2.3 Feedback Cycle 3: Model Update<br/>24.2.4 Feedback Cycle 4: Organizational Productivity Improvement<br/>24.3 Using 'EV for Feedback Control of Software Development<br/>and Evolution<br/>24.3.1 An Earned Value System Example<br/>24.4 Real Earned-Value Feedback Control<br/>24.4.1 Business-Case and Benejits-Realized Monitoring and Control<br/>24.5 Value-Based Feedback Control: An Order Processing Example<br/>24.5.1 Business Case Analysis: Costs, Benejits and Return on Investment<br/>24.5.2 Value-Based Monitoring and Control<br/>24.6 Conclusions and Future Challenges<br/>24.7 Acknowledgments<br/>References<br/>25 Expert Estimation of Software Development Cost: Learning through<br/>Feedback<br/>Magne J0rgensen and Dag Sjdberg<br/>25.1 Introduction<br/>25.2 Estimation Learning<br/>25.3 Estimation Feedback and Process Guidelines<br/>25.3.1 Increase the Motivation for Learning Estimation Skills<br/>25.3.2 Reduce the Impact from Estimation-Learning Biases<br/>25.3.3 Ensure a Fit Between the Estimation Process and Type of Feedback<br/>25.3.4 Provide Learning Situations<br/>25.4 Experiment: Application of the Guidelines<br/>25.4.1 Background<br/>25.4.2 Experiment Design<br/>25.4.3 Results<br/>25.5 Summary<br/>25.6 Acknowledgement<br/>References<br/>26 Self-Adaptive Software: Internalized Feedback<br/>Robert Laddaga, Paul Robert.son and Howard Shrobe<br/>26.1 Introduction<br/>26.1.1 Some Software Life Cycle Concepts<br/>26.1.2 Brief Introduction to Self-Adaptive Software<br/>26.1.3 Introduction of Binding of Function Call to Function Value<br/>26.2 Historical Perspective<br/>26.2.1 Dynamic Versu.s Static Binding<br/>26.2.2 Language and Compiler Development<br/>26.2.3 Performance Trade-Offs<br/>26.2.4 The Concept of Software Application Evolution<br/>26.2.5 A Note about Software Ecology<br/>26.3 Self-Adaptive Software<br/>26.3.1 Concept.s<br/>26.3.2 Technology Requirements and Opportunities<br/>26.4 Applications of Self-Adaptive Software<br/>26.4.1 Recent Application Work<br/>26.4.2 Vision Systems<br/>26.4.3 Face Recognition<br/>26.4.4 Pen'asive Computing<br/>26.5 Conclusion<br/>References<br/>27 Rules and Tools for Software Evolution Planning and Management<br/>Meir M. Lehman and Juan C. Ferndndez-Ramil<br/>27.1 Introduction<br/>27.2 Laws of Software Evolution<br/>27.3 S- and £-Type Program Classification<br/>27.3.1 Basic Properties<br/>27.3.2 Implications of the SPE Program Classification Scheme<br/>27.4 First Law: Continuing Change<br/>27.5 Second Law: Increasing Complexity<br/>27.6 Third Law: Self Regulation<br/>27.7 Fourth Law: Conservation of Organisational Stability<br/>27.8 Fifth Law: Conservation of Familiarity<br/>27.9 Sixth Law: Continuing Growth<br/>27.10 Seventh Law: Declining Quality<br/>27.11 Eighth Law: Feedback System<br/>27.12 The FEAST Hypothesis<br/>27.13 The Principle of Software Lfncertainty<br/>27.14 Conclusions<br/>27.15 Acknowledgements<br/>References
650 #0 - SUBJECT
Keyword	Computer Software
General subdivision	Development.
942 ## - ADDED ENTRY ELEMENTS (KOHA)
Koha item type	General Books

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