| Formatted contents note |
F^rcface to Second Edition, viii<br/>Preface to First Edition, ix<br/>Aclcnowiedgments, x<br/>Alibreviations, xi<br/>PARTI: BASIC PRINCIPLES<br/>1 The Nature and Levels of Adaptation, 3<br/>1.1 introduction; comparative, environmental, and<br/>evolutionary physiology, 3<br/>1.2 The meaning of "environment", 4<br/>1.3 The meaning of "adaptation", 6<br/>1.4 Comparative methods to detect adaptation, 7<br/>1.5 Physiological respon.se on different scales, 8<br/>1.6 Conclusions, 15<br/>Further reading, 15<br/>2 Fundamental Mechanisms of Adaptation, 17<br/>2.1 Introduction: adaptation at the molecular and<br/><br/>genome level, 17<br/>Controlling protein action, 17<br/>Control of protein synthesis and degradation, 20<br/>Protein evolution, 26<br/>Physiological regulation of gene expression, 28<br/>Conclusions, 35<br/>Further reading, 35<br/>3 The Problems of Size and Scale, 36<br/>3.1 Introduction, 36<br/>3.2 Principle of similarity: isometric scaling, 36<br/>3.3 Allometric scaling, 37<br/>3.4 Scaling of metabolic rate, 40<br/>3.3 Scaling of locotnotion, 42<br/>3.6 Conclusions: is there a right si/c to he?, 46<br/>Further reading, 47<br/>PART 2: CENTRAL ISSUES IN COMPARATIVE<br/>PHYSIOLOGY<br/>4 Water, Ions, and Osmotic Physiology, 51<br/>4.1 InlrodiKtion, 5 I<br/>4.2 Ai|ueous solutions, 51<br/>4.3 Passive movements of water and solutes, 55<br/>4.4 Nonpassive solute movetiients, 61<br/>4.5 Concentrations of cell contents, 70<br/>4.6 Overall regulation of cell contents, 71<br/>4.7 Conclusions, 74<br/>Further reading, 74<br/>5 Animal Water Balance, Osmoregulation,<br/>and Excretion, 76<br/>5.1 Introduction, 76<br/><br/>5.2 Exchanges occurring at the outer body surface, 80<br/>5.3 Osmoregulation at external surfaces, 84<br/>5.4 Osmoregulator)' organs and their excretory<br/>products, 88<br/>5.5 Water regulation via the gut, 102<br/>5.6 Regulation of respirator)'water exchanges, 103<br/>5.7 Water loss in reproductive systems, 105<br/>5.8 Water gain, 107<br/>5.9 Costs and energetics of regulating water and ion<br/>balance, 108<br/>5.10 Roles of nervous systems and hortnones, 109<br/>5.1 1 Conclusions, 109<br/>Further reading, 110<br/>6 Metabolism and Energy Supply, 112<br/>6.1 Introduction, 1 12<br/>6.2 Metabolic intermediaries, 112<br/>6.3 Anaei i >bic metabolic pathways, 115<br/>6.4 Aerobic metabolism, 1 19<br/>6.5 Metal ilic rates, 126<br/>6.6 Enere budgets, 133<br/>Furth r reading, 139<br/>7 Respiration and Circulation, 141<br/>7.1 Intn Liclion, 141<br/><br/>Cpt.i e and loss of gases acro.ss respirator)- surfeces,<br/>144<br/>VeiT .uion s) stems to improve exchange rates, 149<br/>tiiri iator\ svstems, 154<br/>Dell ring and iransfen ing gases to the lissue.s, 162<br/>C.op ig with hvpoxia and anoxia, 169<br/>( 01 ol ol respiration, I 70<br/>Fill er readiim. 1 73<br/>vi CONTENTS<br/>8 Temperature and its Effects, 175<br/>8.1 Introduction, 175<br/>8.2 Biochemical effects of temperature. 176<br/>8.3 Physiological effects of temperature, 183<br/>8.4 Terminolog)' and strategies in thermal biology, 188<br/>8.5 Thermal environments and thermal exchanges,<br/><br/>8.6 Avoidance, tolerance, and acclimation in thermal<br/>biology. 196<br/>8.7 Regulating heat gain and keeping warm, 202<br/>8.8 Regulating heat lo.s.sand keeping cool. 208<br/>8.9 Opting out: evasion systems in space or lime. 212<br/>8.10 Regulating thermal biolog)': ner\'cs and hormones,<br/><br/>8.11 Evolution and advantages of varying thermal<br/>strategies, 218<br/>Further reading, 221<br/>9 Excitable Tissues: Nervous Systems and<br/>Muscles, 223<br/>9.1 Introduction, 223<br/>Section 1: Nerves<br/>9.2 Neural functioning, 223<br/>9.3 Synoptic transmission, 232<br/>9.4 Ner\'ous systems, 247<br/>9.5 Neural integration and higher neural processes,<br/>254<br/>9.6 Neuronal development, 261<br/>9.7 Sensory systems: mechanisms and principles, 266<br/>9.8 Specific senses and sense organs, 268<br/>Section 2: Muscles<br/>9.9 Muscles and movement: introduction, 290<br/>9.10 Muscle structure, 291<br/>9.11 Muscle contraction, 298<br/>9.12 Muscle mechanics, 305<br/>9.13 Muscle types and diversity, 312<br/>Section 3: Nerves and muscles working together<br/>9.14 Motor activity patterns, 318<br/>9.15 Locomotion using muscles, 325<br/>9.16 Conclusions, 340<br/>Further reading, 340<br/>10 Hormones and Chemical Control Systems,<br/><br/>Introduction, 342<br/>F-ndocrine systems, 347<br/>Control of water and osmotic balance, 360<br/>(.onirol of ion balance and pH, 363<br/>(.ontroi ol development and growth, 364<br/>(.ontrol ot metabolism, temperature, and cohir,<br/>370<br/>C.ontrol of sex and reproduction, 372<br/>I lorniones and other behaviors: aggression,<br/>territoriality.and migration, 381<br/>Pheroniones and the control ol behavior. 381<br/>(.iuiclusions, 386<br/>Further reading, 387<br/>PART 3: COPING WITH THE ENVIRONMENT<br/>Introduction, 391<br/>11 Marine Life, 393<br/>11.1 Introduction: marine habitat.s and biota, 393<br/>11.2 Ionic and osmotic .uiaptalion, .3%<br/>11.3 Thermal adaptalion. 400<br/>11.4 Respirator)' adaptalion, 408<br/>11.5 Reproductive and lile-cycle adaptation. 411<br/>11.6 Depth problems, buoyancy, and locomolioit, 415<br/>11.7 Sensory issues: marine signaling, 423<br/>11.8 Feeding and being fed on, 429<br/>11.9 Anthropogenic problems, 4.30<br/>11.10 Secondary invasion olThe seas: marine vertebrates,<br/><br/>11.11 Conclusions, 442<br/>Further reading, 442<br/>12 Shorelines and Estuaries, 444<br/>12.1 Introduclion: brackish habitats and biota,.444<br/>12.2 ionic and osmtilic adaptation and water balance, 455<br/>12.3 Thermal adaplalion, 466<br/>12.4 Respiratory adaptation, 47!<br/>12.5 Reproductive and life-cycle adaptation, 473<br/>12.6 Mechanical, locomolory, and sensory systems, 476<br/>12.7 Feeding and being fed on, 480<br/>12.8 Anthropogenic problems, 481<br/>12.9 Conclusions, 483<br/>Further reading, 485<br/>13 Fresh Water, 487<br/>13.1 introduction: Ireshwalcr habitats and biota. 487<br/>13.2 Ionic and osmotic adaptation and water balance. 495<br/>13.3 Thermal adaptation, 502<br/>13.4 Respirator)'adaptation, 505<br/>13.5 Reproductive and lilc-cycle adaplalion, 51 1<br/>13.6 Mechanical,locomolory,and sen.sory adaptations, 544<br/>13.7 Feeding and being fed on, 515<br/>13.8 Anthropogenic problems, 518<br/>13.9 Conclusions, 524<br/>Further reading, 525<br/>14 Special Aquatic Habitats. 526<br/>14.1 Introduction. 526<br/>1<br/>I ransienl water bodies. 526<br/>Osniolically peculiar habitats, 529<br/>I hermally extreme waters, 535<br/>Turiher reading, 539<br/><br/>Introduction, 541<br/>loni. an.i adaptation and watur balance. 552<br/>Therm.- Malitui. 5o5<br/>Respira daptaiion, 5X1<br/>Keprodu, ,..c and liiu adaptation, 586<br/>1 ou .mot ion and nu\ hank a! ada[.iations, 596<br/>15.7 Sensory ndapjtations, 599<br/>15.8 Feeding and being fed on. 602<br/>15.9 Anthropogenic problems, 609<br/>15.10 Conclusions, 617<br/>Further reading, 618<br/>16 Extreme Terrestrial Habitats, 620<br/>6.1 Introduction, 620<br/>6.2 Hot and dry habitat.s: deserts, 621<br/>6.3 Very cold habitats, 645<br/>6.4 High-altitude habitat.s, 663<br/>6.5 Aerial habitats, 671<br/>6.6 Conclusions, 673<br/>Further reading, 673<br/>17 Parasitic Habitats, 675<br/>17.1 introduction,675<br/>17.2 i'arasile envirtnimenls, 677<br/>17.3 basic parasite physiology, 680<br/>17.4 Reproduction and transmission, 688<br/>17.5 Parasite sensoiy abilities, 692<br/>17.6 Parasite regulation ofhost physiology, 694<br/>17.7 Biolic interactions: host-parasite conHicts, 696<br/>17.8 Conclusions. 704<br/>FurllKTreading,705 |
