| Formatted contents note |
ch. 1 Environmental Chemistry and the Five Spheres of the Environment --<br/>1.1.What Is Environmental Chemistry? --<br/>1.2.Environmental Relationships in Environmental Chemistry --<br/>1.3.Environmental Spheres and Biogeochemical Cycles --<br/>1.4.Earth's Natural Capital --<br/>1.5.Environmental Chemistry and Green Chemistry --<br/>1.6.As We Enter into the Anthropocene --<br/>Questions and Problems --<br/>Literature Cited --<br/>Supplementary References --<br/>ch. 2 Fundamentals of Biochemistry and Toxicological Chemistry --<br/>2.1.Life Chemical Processes --<br/>2.2.Biochemistry and the Cell --<br/>2.3.Carbohydrates --<br/>2.4.Proteins --<br/>2.5.Lipids: Fats, Oils, and Hormones --<br/>2.6.Nucleic Acids --<br/>2.7.Enzymes --<br/>2.7.1.Effects of Toxic Substances on Enzymes --<br/>2.8.Biochemical Processes in Metabolism --<br/>2.8.1.Energy-Yielding and Processing Processes --<br/>2.9.Toxic Substances, Toxicology, and Toxicological Chemistry --<br/>2.9.1.Exposure to Toxic Substances --<br/>2.9.2.Distribution of Toxic Substances --<br/>2.9.3.Dose-Response Relationship --<br/>2.9.4.Toxicities --<br/>2.10.Toxicological Chemistry --<br/>2.10.1.Reactions of Toxicants and Protoxicants in Living Systems --<br/>2.11.Kinetic Phase of Xenobiotic Metabolism --<br/>2.12.Dynamic Phase of Toxicant Action --<br/>2.13.Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis --<br/>2.13.1.Mutations from Chemical Exposure --<br/>2.13.2.Carcinogenesis --<br/>2.14.Developmental Effects and Teratogenesis --<br/>2.15.Toxic Effects on the Immune System --<br/>2.16.Damage to the Endocrine System --<br/>2.17.Health Hazards of Toxic Substances --<br/>2.17.1.Health Risk Assessment --<br/>2.18.Structure-Activity Relationships in Toxicological Chemistry --<br/>2.19.Toxicological Chemistry and Ecotoxicology --<br/>2.19.1.Effects of Toxicants on Ecosystems --<br/>2.19.2.Biomarkers of Exposure to Toxic Substances --<br/>2.20.Toxic Agents That May Be Used in Terrorist Attacks --<br/>Questions and Problems --<br/>Literature Cited --<br/>Supplementary References --<br/>ch. 3 Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry of the Hydrosphere --<br/>3.1.H2O: Simple Formula, Remarkable Molecule --<br/>3.2.Hydrosphere --<br/>3.3.Occurrence of Water --<br/>3.3.1.Standing Bodies of Water --<br/>3.3.2.Flowing Water --<br/>3.3.3.Sedimentation by Flowing Water --<br/>3.3.4.Groundwater --<br/>3.4.Water Supply and Availability --<br/>3.5.Life and Its Influence on Environmental Chemistry in the Hydrosphere --<br/>3.5.1.Aquatic Organisms and Chemical Transitions in the Hydrosphere --<br/>3.5.2.Microbial Action on Organic Matter in the Hydrosphere --<br/>3.6.Environmental Chemistry of the Hydrosphere --<br/>3.7.Acid-Base Phenomena in the Hydrosphere --<br/>3.7.1.Carbon Dioxide in Water --<br/>3.8.Solubility and Phase Interactions --<br/>3.8.1.Gas Solubilities --<br/>3.8.2.Carbon Dioxide and Carbonate Species in Water --<br/>3.8.3.Sediments --<br/>3.8.4.Colloids in Water --<br/>3.9.Oxidation Reduction --<br/>3.9.1.pE and Toxicological Chemistry --<br/>3.10.Metal Ions in Water --<br/>3.10.1.Calcium and Hardness in Water --<br/>3.11.Complexation and Speciation of Metals --<br/>3.12.Toxicological Chemistry in the Hydrosphere --<br/>3.13.Chemical Interactions with Organisms in the Hydrosphere --<br/>3.14.Biodegradation in the Hydrosphere --<br/>Questions and Problems --<br/>Literature Cited --<br/>Supplementary References --<br/>ch. 4 Pollution of the Hydrosphere --<br/>4.1.Nature and Types of Water Pollutants --<br/>4.1.1.Markers of Water Pollution --<br/>4.2.Elemental Pollutants --<br/>4.3.Heavy Metals --<br/>4.3.1.Cadmium --<br/>4.3.2.Lead --<br/>4.3.3.Mercury --<br/>4.4.Metalloids --<br/>4.5.Organically Bound Metals --<br/>4.5.1.Organotin Compounds --<br/>4.6.Inorganic Species as Water Pollutants --<br/>4.6.1.Cyanide --<br/>4.6.2.Ammonia and Other Inorganic Water Pollutants --<br/>4.6.3.Asbestos in Water --<br/>4.7.Algal Nutrients and Eutrophication --<br/>4.8.Acidity, Alkalinity, and Salinity --<br/>4.9.Oxygen, Oxidants, and Reductants --<br/>4.10.Organic Pollutants --<br/>4.10.1.Sewage --<br/>4.10.2.Soaps and Detergents --<br/>4.10.3.Naturally Occurring Chlorinated and Brominated Compounds --<br/>4.10.4.Microbial Toxins --<br/>4.11.Pesticides in Water --<br/>4.11.1.Natural Product Insecticides, Pyrethrins, and Pyrethroids --<br/>4.11.2.DDT and Organochlorine Insecticides --<br/>4.11.3.Organophosphate Insecticides --<br/>4.11.4.Carbamates --<br/>4.11.5.Fungicides --<br/>4.11.6.Herbicides --<br/>4.11.7.By-Products of Pesticide Manufacture --<br/>4.12.Polychlorinated Biphenyls --<br/>4.13.Emerging Water Pollutants, Pharmaceuticals, and Household Wastes --<br/>4.13.1.Bactericides --<br/>4.13.2.Estrogenic Substances in Wastewater Effluents --<br/>4.13.3.Biorefractory Organic Pollutants --<br/>4.14.Radionuclides in the Aquatic Environment --<br/>4.15.Toxicological Chemistry and Water Pollution --<br/>Questions and Problems --<br/>Literature Cited --<br/>Supplementary References --<br/>ch. 5 Sustaining the Hydrosphere --<br/>5.1.More Important than Oil --<br/>5.2.Greening of Water: Purification before and after Use --<br/>5.2.1.Emerging Considerations in Water Treatment --<br/>5.3.Municipal Water Treatment --<br/>5.3.1.Contamination in Water Distribution Systems --<br/>5.4.Treatment of Water for Industrial Use --<br/>5.5.Wastewater Treatment --<br/>5.5.1.Industrial Wastewater Treatment --<br/>5.6.Removal of Solids --<br/>5.6.1.Dissolved Air Flotation --<br/>5.7.Removal of Calcium and Other Metals --<br/>5.7.1.Removal of Iron and Manganese --<br/>5.7.2.Removal of Heavy Metals --<br/>5.7.3.Arsenic Removal --<br/>5.8.Removal of Dissolved Organics --<br/>5.8.1.Removal of Herbicides --<br/>5.8.2.Removal of Taste, Odor, and Color --<br/>5.8.3.Photolysis --<br/>5.8.4.Sonolysis --<br/>5.9.Removal of Dissolved Inorganics --<br/>5.9.1.Ion Exchange --<br/>5.9.2.Phosphorus Removal --<br/>5.9.3.Nitrogen Removal --<br/>5.10.Membrane Processes and Reverse Osmosis for Water Purification --<br/>5.10.1.Reverse Osmosis --<br/>5.10.2.Electrodialysis --<br/>5.11.Water Disinfection --<br/>5.11.1.Pathogens Treated by Disinfection --<br/>5.11.2.Disinfection Agents --<br/>5.11.3.Disinfection with Chlorine and Chloramines --<br/>5.11.4.Chlorine Dioxide --<br/>5.11.5.Toxicities of Chlorine and Chlorine Dioxide --<br/>5.11.6.Green Ozone for Water Disinfection --<br/>5.11.7.Ozone Toxicity --<br/>5.11.8.Miscellaneous Disinfection Agents --<br/>5.12.Restoration of Wastewater Quality --<br/>5.12.1.Primary Wastewater Treatment --<br/>5.12.2.Secondary Waste Treatment by Biological Processes --<br/>5.12.3.Tertiary Waste Treatment --<br/>5.12.4.Physical-Chemical Treatment of Municipal Wastewater --<br/>5.13.Natural Water Purification Processes --<br/>5.13.1.Industrial Wastewater Treatment by Soil --<br/>5.14.Sludges and Residues from Water Treatment --<br/>5.15.Water, the Greenest Substance on Earth: Reuse and Recycling --<br/>5.16.Water Conservation --<br/>5.16.1.Rainwater Harvesting --<br/>Questions and Problems --<br/>Literature Cited --<br/>Supplementary References --<br/>ch. 6 Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry of the Atmosphere --<br/>6.1.Atmosphere: Air to Breathe and Much More --<br/>6.2.Regions of the Atmosphere --<br/>6.3.Atmospheric Composition --<br/>6.4.Natural Capital of the Atmosphere --<br/>6.5.Energy and Mass Transfer in the Atmosphere --<br/>6.6.Meteorology, Weather, and Climate --<br/>6.6.1.Global Weather --<br/>6.7.Atmospheric Inversions and Atmospheric Chemical Phenomena --<br/>6.8.Climate, Microclimate, and Microatmosphere --<br/>6.8.1.Human Modifications of the Atmosphere --<br/>6.8.2.Microclimate --<br/>6.8.3.Effects of Urbanization on Microclimate --<br/>6.8.4.Microatmosphere --<br/>6.9.Atmospheric Chemistry and Photochemical Reactions --<br/>6.9.1.Atmospheric Ions and the Ionosphere --<br/>6.10.Atmospheric Oxygen --<br/>6.10.1.Toxicological Chemistry of Oxygen --<br/>6.11.Atmospheric Nitrogen --<br/>6.12.Atmospheric Water --<br/>6.13.Atmospheric Particles --<br/>6.13.1.Physical Behavior of Atmospheric Particles --<br/>6.13.2.Atmospheric Chemical Reactions Involving Particles --<br/>Questions and Problems --<br/>Literature Cited --<br/>Supplementary References --<br/>ch. 7 Pollution of the Atmosphere --<br/>7.1.Pollution of the Atmosphere and Air Quality --<br/>7.2.Pollutant Particles in the Atmosphere --<br/>7.2.1.Physical and Chemical Processes for Particle Formation: Dispersion and Condensation Aerosols --<br/>7.2.2.Chemical Processes for Inorganic Particle Formation --<br/>7.2.3.Composition of Inorganic Particles --<br/>7.2.4.Fly Ash --<br/>7.2.5.Radioactivity in Atmospheric Particles --<br/>7.2.6.Organic Pollutant Particles in the Atmosphere --<br/>7.2.7.Effects of Atmospheric Pollutant Particles --<br/>7.2.8.Health Effects and Toxicology of Particles --<br/>7.2.9.Asian Brown Cloud: Climate and Health Effects --<br/>7.3.Inorganic Gas Pollutants --<br/>7.4.Nitrogen Oxide Air Pollutants --<br/>7.4.1.Toxic Effects of Nitrogen Oxides --<br/>7.5.Sulfur Dioxide Air Pollution --<br/>7.5.1.Toxic Effects of Sulfur Dioxide --<br/>7.5.2.Toxic Effects of Atmospheric Sulfuric Acid --<br/>7.6.Acid-Base Reactions in the Atmosphere and Acid Rain --<br/>7.7.Organic Air Pollutants --<br/>7.7.1.Organics in the Atmosphere from Natural Sources --<br/>7.7.2.Pollutant Hydrocarbons from the Anthrosphere --<br/>7.7.3.Nonhydrocarbon Organics in the Atmosphere --<br/>7.7.4.Organohalides --<br/>7.7.5.Toxicological Chemistry of Organohalides --<br/>7.7.6.Organosulfur Compounds --<br/>7.7.7.Organonitrogen Compounds --<br/>7.7.8.Toxicological Chemistry of Organonitrogen Compounds --<br/>7.8.Photochemical Smog --<br/>7.8.1.Harmful Effects of Smog --<br/>7.8.2.Toxic Effects of Smog and Its Constituents to Humans --<br/>7.9.Chlorofluorocarbons and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion --<br/>7.9.1.Chlorofluorocarbons and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion --<br/>7.9.2.Antarctic Ozone Hole --<br/>7.9.3.Nobel Prize in Environmental Chemistry --<br/>7.10.Indoor Air Pollution and the Microatmosphere --<br/>Questions and Problems --<br/>Literature Cited --<br/>Supplementary References --<br/>ch. 8 Sustaining the Atmosphere: Blue Skies for a Green Earth --<br/>8.1.Preserving the Atmosphere --<br/>8.1.1.Preservation of the Atmosphere's Natural Capital --<br/>8.2.Greatest Threat: Global Climate Warming --<br/>8.2.1.Increasing Temperature --<br/>8.2.2.Passing the Tipping Points --<br/>8.2.3.Loss of Ice Cover --<br/>8.2.4.Glaciers and Water Supply --<br/>8.2.5.Expansion of Subtropical Arid Regions and Drought --<br/>8.2.6.Some Other Effects of Global Climate Change --<br/>8.3.Dealing with Global Climate Change --<br/>8.3.1.Mitigation and Minimization of Greenhouse Gas Emissions --<br/>8.3.1.1.Less Carbon Dioxide from Internal Combustion Engines --<br/>8.3.2.Transportation Alternatives to the Internal Combustion Engine --<br/>8.3.3.Heating and Cooling --<br/>8.3.4.Carbon Capture Note continued: 8.3.5.Avoiding Fossil Fuels --<br/>8.3.6.Avoiding Greenhouse Gases Other than Carbon Dioxide --<br/>8.3.7.Economic and Political Measures --<br/>8.3.8.Counteracting Measures --<br/>8.3.9.Adaptation --<br/>8.3.10.Heat --<br/>8.3.11.Drought --<br/>8.3.12.Water Banking --<br/>8.4.Control of Particle Emissions --<br/>8.4.1.Particle Removal by Sedimentation and Inertia --<br/>8.4.2.Particle Filtration --<br/>8.4.3.Scrubbers --<br/>8.4.4.Electrostatic Precipitation --<br/>8.4.5.Where Does It All Go? --<br/>8.5.Control of Carbon Monoxide Emissions --<br/>8.6.Control of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions --<br/>8.7.Control of Sulfur Dioxide Emissions --<br/>8.8.Control of Hydrocarbon Emissions and Photochemical Smog --<br/>8.8.1.Compression-Fired Engines --<br/>8.8.2.Catalytic Converters for Exhaust Gas Control --<br/>8.8.3.Photochemical Smog and Vegetation --<br/>8.8.4.Preventing Smog with Green Chemistry --<br/>8.9.Biological Control of Air Pollution --<br/>8.9.1.Bioreactors for Air Pollutant Removal --<br/>8.9.2.Removing Air Pollution with Vegetation --<br/>8.10.Controlling Acid Rain --<br/>8.10.1.Dealing with Toxic and Other Adverse Effects of Acid Rain --<br/>8.11.Limiting Stratospheric Ozone Depletion --<br/>Questions and Problems --<br/>Literature Cited --<br/>Supplementary References --<br/>ch. 9 Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry of the Geosphere --<br/>9.1.Geosphere --<br/>9.1.1.Geosphere Related to the Other Environmental Spheres --<br/>9.1.2.Plate Tectonics --<br/>9.1.3.Rock Cycle --<br/>9.2.Chemical Composition of the Geosphere and Geochemistry --<br/>9.2.1.Biological Aspects of Weathering --<br/>9.3.Geosphere as a Source of Natural Capital --<br/>9.4.Environmental Hazards of the Geosphere --<br/>9.4.1.Volcanoes --<br/>9.4.2.Toxicological and Public Health Aspects of Volcanoes --<br/>9.4.3.Earthquakes --<br/>9.4.4.Toxicological and Public Health Aspects of Earthquakes --<br/>9.4.5.Surface Effects --<br/>9.4.6.Radon, a Toxic Gas from the Geosphere --<br/>9.5.Water in and on the Geosphere --<br/>9.5.1.Geospheric Water and Health Effects --<br/>9.6.Anthrospheric Influences on the Geosphere --<br/>9.7.Geosphere as a Waste Repository --<br/>Questions and Problems --<br/>Literature Cited --<br/>Supplementary References --<br/>ch. 10 Soil: A Critical Part of the Geosphere --<br/>10.1.Have You Thanked a Clod Today? --<br/>10.1.1.What Is Soil? --<br/>10.1.2.Inorganic Solids in Soil --<br/>10.1.3.Soil Organic Matter --<br/>10.1.4.Water in Soil and the Soil Solution --<br/>10.1.5.Chemical Exchange Processes in Soil --<br/>10.2.Plant Nutrients and Fertilizers in Soil --<br/>10.3.Soil and Plants Related to Wastes and Pollutants --<br/>10.4.Soil Loss: Desertification and Deforestation --<br/>10.5.Toxicological and Public Health Aspects of Soil --<br/>10.5.1.Toxicological Aspects of Soil Herbicides --<br/>10.6.Toxicological Considerations in Livestock Production --<br/>Questions and Problems --<br/>Literature Cited --<br/>Supplementary References --<br/>ch. 11 Sustaining the Geosphere --<br/>11.1.Managing the Geosphere for Sustainability --<br/>11.2.Sustaining the Geosphere in the Face of Natural Hazards --<br/>11.2.1.Vulnerable Coasts --<br/>11.2.2.Threat of Rising Sea Levels --<br/>11.3.Sustainable Development on the Geosphere's Surface --<br/>11.3.1.Site Evaluation --<br/>11.3.2.Kinds of Structures on the Geosphere --<br/>11.4.Digging in the Dirt --<br/>11.4.1.Subsurface Excavations --<br/>11.4.2.Green Underground Storage --<br/>11.4.3.Salt Dome Storage --<br/>11.5.Extraction of Materials from Earth --<br/>11.5.1.Environmental Effects of Mining and Mineral Extraction --<br/>11.6.Sustainable Utilization of Geospheric Mineral Resources --<br/>11.6.1.Metals --<br/>11.6.2.Nonmetal Mineral Resources --<br/>11.6.3.How Long Will Essential Minerals Last? --<br/>11.6.4.Green Sources of Minerals --<br/>11.6.5.Exploitation of Lower Grade Ores --<br/>11.6.6.Mining the Ocean Floors --<br/>11.6.7.Waste Mining --<br/>11.6.8.Recycling --<br/>11.7.Toxicological Implications of Mineral Mining and Processing --<br/>11.7.1.Pneumoconiosis from Exposure to Mineral Dust --<br/>11.7.2.Heavy Metal Poisoning --<br/>11.8.Sustaining the Geosphere to Manage Water --<br/>11.8.1.China's Three Gorges Dam Project --<br/>11.8.2.Water Pollution and the Geosphere --<br/>11.9.Waste Disposal and the Geosphere --<br/>11.9.1.Municipal Refuse --<br/>11.9.2.Hazardous Waste Disposal --<br/>11.10.Derelict Lands and Brownfields --<br/>11.10.1.Land Restoration from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Accident --<br/>11.11.Sustaining Soil --<br/>11.11.1.Biochar for Soil Conservation and Enrichment --<br/>11.11.2.Reversing Desertification --<br/>11.11.3.Reforestation --<br/>11.11.4.Water and Soil Conservation --<br/>Questions and Problems --<br/>Literature Cited --<br/>Supplementary References --<br/>ch. 12 Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry of the Biosphere --<br/>12.1.Life and the Biosphere --<br/>12.1.1.Biosphere in Stabilizing the Earth System: Gaia Hypothesis --<br/>12.2.Organisms and Sustainable Science and Technology --<br/>12.3.Life Systems --<br/>12.3.1.Biosphere/Atmosphere Interface and the Crucial Importance of Climate --<br/>12.4.Metabolism and Control in Organisms --<br/>12.4.1.Enzymes in Metabolism --<br/>12.4.2.Nutrients --<br/>12.4.3.Control in Organisms --<br/>12.5.Reproduction and Inherited Traits --<br/>12.6.Stability and Equilibrium of the Biosphere --<br/>12.6.1.Biomes in Unexpected Places --<br/>12.6.2.Response of Life Systems to Stress --<br/>12.6.3.Relationships among Organisms --<br/>12.6.4.Populations --<br/>12.7.DNA and the Human Genome --<br/>12.8.Biological Interaction with Environmental Chemicals --<br/>12.8.1.Biodegradation --<br/>12.9.Effects of the Anthrosphere on the Biosphere --<br/>12.9.1.Beneficial Effects of Humans on the Biosphere --<br/>Questions and Problems --<br/>Literature Cited --<br/>Supplementary References --<br/>ch. 13 Sustaining the Biosphere and Its Natural Capital --<br/>13.1.Keeping Life Alive --<br/>13.2.Natural Capital of the Biosphere --<br/>13.2.1.Types of Biomaterials from the Biosphere --<br/>13.2.2.Biorefineries --<br/>13.2.3.Using the Biosphere through Agriculture --<br/>13.2.4.Genome Sequencing and Green Chemistry --<br/>13.3.Genetic Engineering --<br/>13.3.1.Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering --<br/>13.3.2.Major Transgenic Crops and Their Characteristics --<br/>13.3.3.Crops versus Pests --<br/>13.3.4.Future Crops --<br/>13.4.Role of Human Activities in Preserving and Enhancing the Biosphere --<br/>13.4.1.Artificial Habitats and Habitat Restoration --<br/>13.5.Preserving the Biosphere by Preserving the Atmosphere --<br/>13.6.Preserving the Biosphere by Preserving the Hydrosphere --<br/>13.7.Preserving the Biosphere by Preserving the Geosphere --<br/>13.7.1.Constructing the Geosphere to Support the Biosphere: What the Ancient Incas Knew --<br/>Questions and Problems --<br/>Literature Cited --<br/>Supplementary References --<br/>ch. 14 Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry of the Anthrosphere --<br/>14.1.Anthrosphere --<br/>14.1.1.Crucial Anthrospheric Infrastructure --<br/>14.1.2.Sociosphere --<br/>14.2.Industrial Ecology and Industrial Ecosystems --<br/>14.2.1.Kalundborg Industrial Ecosystem --<br/>14.3.Metabolic Processes in Industrial Ecosystems --<br/>14.3.1.Attributes of Successful Industrial Ecosystems --<br/>14.3.2.Diversity --<br/>14.4.Life Cycles in Industrial Ecosystems --<br/>14.4.1.Product Stewardship --<br/>14.5.Kinds of Products --<br/>14.6.Environmental Impacts of the Anthrosphere --<br/>14.6.1.Impact of Agricultural Production --<br/>14.6.2.Design of Industrial Ecosystems to Minimize Environmental Impact --<br/>14.7.Green Chemistry and the Anthrosphere --<br/>14.7.1.Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards --<br/>14.8.Predicting and Reducing Hazards with Green Chemistry --<br/>14.9.Atom Economy and the E Factor in Green Chemistry --<br/>14.9.1.Yield and Atom Economy --<br/>14.9.2.Nature of Wastes --<br/>14.10.Catalysts and Catalysis in Green Chemistry --<br/>14.11.Biocatalysis with Enzymes --<br/>14.11.1.Immobilized Enzyme Catalysts --<br/>14.11.2.Reduction in Synthesis Steps with Enzyme Catalysts --<br/>14.11.3.Enzyme Catalysts and Chirality --<br/>14.12.Energizing Chemical Reactions and Process Intensification --<br/>14.12.1.Process Intensification and Increased Safety with Smaller Size --<br/>14.13.Solvents and Alternate Reaction Media --<br/>14.13.1.Water Solvent --<br/>14.13.2.Carbon Dioxide Solvent --<br/>14.13.3.Ionic Liquid Solvents --<br/>14.14.Feedstocks and Reagents --<br/>14.14.1.Feedstocks --<br/>14.14.2.Reagents --<br/>14.14.3.Reagents for Oxidation and Reduction --<br/>14.14.4.Electrons as Reagents for Oxidation and Reduction --<br/>14.15.Anthrosphere and Occupational Health --<br/>14.15.1.Role of Green Chemistry in Occupational Health --<br/>Questions and Problems --<br/>Literature Cited --<br/>Supplementary References --<br/>ch. 15 Anthrosphere, Pollution, and Wastes --<br/>15.1.Wastes from the Anthrosphere --<br/>15.1.1.History of Hazardous Substances --<br/>15.1.2.Pesticide Burial Grounds --<br/>15.1.3.Legislation --<br/>15.2.Classification of Hazardous Substances and Wastes --<br/>15.2.1.Characteristics and Listed Wastes --<br/>15.2.2.Hazardous Wastes and Air and Water Pollution Control --<br/>15.3.Sources of Wastes --<br/>15.3.1.Types of Hazardous Wastes --<br/>15.3.2.Hazardous Waste Generators --<br/>15.4.Flammable and Combustible Substances --<br/>15.4.1.Combustion of Finely Divided Particles --<br/>15.4.2.Oxidizers --<br/>15.4.3.Spontaneous Ignition --<br/>15.4.4.Toxic Products of Combustion --<br/>15.5.Reactive Substances --<br/>15.5.1.Chemical Structure and Reactivity --<br/>15.6.Corrosive Substances --<br/>15.6.1.Sulfuric Acid --<br/>15.7.Toxic Substances --<br/>15.8.Physical Forms and Segregation of Wastes --<br/>15.9.Environmental Chemistry of Hazardous Wastes --<br/>15.10.Transport, Effects, and Fates of Hazardous Wastes --<br/>15.10.1.Physical Properties of Wastes --<br/>15.10.2.Chemical Factors --<br/>15.10.3.Environmental Effects of Hazardous Wastes --<br/>15.10.4.Fates of Hazardous Wastes --<br/>15.11.Hazardous Wastes and the Anthrosphere --<br/>15.12.Hazardous Wastes in the Geosphere --<br/>15.13.Hazardous Wastes in the Hydrosphere --<br/>15.14.Hazardous Wastes in the Atmosphere --<br/>15.15.Hazardous Wastes in the Biosphere --<br/>15.15.1.Microbial Metabolism in Waste Degradation --<br/>15.16.Hazardous Substances and Environmental Health and Safety --<br/>Questions and Problems --<br/>Literature Cited --<br/>Supplementary References --<br/>ch. 16 Industrial Ecology and Green Chemistry for Sustainable Management of the Anthrosphere --<br/>16.1.Managing the Anthrosphere for Sustainability --<br/>16.2.Feeding the Anthrosphere --<br/>16.2.1.Utilization of Feedstocks --<br/>16.3.Key Feedstock: Abundant Elemental Hydrogen from Sustainable Sources Note continued: 16.4.Feedstocks from the Geosphere --<br/>16.4.1.Occupational and Public Health Aspects of Mining --<br/>16.4.2.Toxic Hazards of Cyanide in Gold Recovery --<br/>16.5.Biological Feedstocks --<br/>16.6.Monosaccharide Feedstocks: Glucose and Fructose --<br/>16.7.Hydrocarbons and Similar Materials from Sugars --<br/>16.8.Cellulose --<br/>16.8.1.Feedstocks from Cellulose Wastes --<br/>16.9.Lignin --<br/>16.10.Biosynthesis of Chemicals --<br/>16.10.1.Fermentation and Industrial Microbiology --<br/>16.10.2.Metabolic Engineering and Chemical Biosynthesis --<br/>16.10.3.Production of Materials by Plants --<br/>16.11.Direct Biosynthesis of Polymers --<br/>16.12.Biorefineries and Biomass Utilization --<br/>16.13.Green Chemistry and Industrial Ecology in Waste Management --<br/>16.14.Recycling --<br/>16.14.1.Waste Oil Utilization and Recovery --<br/>16.14.2.Waste Solvent Recovery and Recycling --<br/>16.14.3.Recovery of Water from Wastewater --<br/>16.15.Hazardous Waste Treatment Processes --<br/>16.16.Methods of Physical Treatment --<br/>16.17.Chemical Treatment --<br/>16.17.1.Electrolysis --<br/>16.17.2.Hydrolysis --<br/>16.17.3.Chemical Extraction and Leaching --<br/>16.17.4.Ion Exchange --<br/>16.18.Photolytic Reactions --<br/>16.19.Thermal Treatment Methods --<br/>16.19.1.Incineration --<br/>16.19.2.Effectiveness of Incineration --<br/>16.19.3.Hazardous Waste Fuel --<br/>16.20.Biodegradation of Hazardous Wastes --<br/>16.20.1.Oxic and Anoxic Waste Biodegradation --<br/>16.20.2.Land Treatment and Composting --<br/>16.21.Preparation of Wastes for Disposal --<br/>16.22.Ultimate Disposal of Wastes --<br/>16.23.Leachate and Gas Emissions --<br/>16.24.In Situ Treatment of Disposed Hazardous Wastes --<br/>16.24.1.Treatment In Situ --<br/>Questions and Problems --<br/>Literature Cited --<br/>Supplementary References --<br/>ch. 17 Sustainable Energy: The Key to Everything --<br/>17.1.Energy Problem --<br/>17.2.Nature of Energy --<br/>17.3.Sustainable Energy: Away from the Sun and Back Again --<br/>17.3.1.The Brief Era of Fossil Fuels --<br/>17.3.2.Back to the Sun --<br/>17.4.Sources of Energy Used in the Anthrosphere: Present and Future --<br/>17.5.Energy Devices and Conversions --<br/>17.5.1.Fuel Cells --<br/>17.6.Green Technology and Energy Conversion Efficiency --<br/>17.7.Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy Sources --<br/>17.8.Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Natural Gas Liquids --<br/>17.8.1.Heavy Oil --<br/>17.8.2.Shale Oil --<br/>17.8.3.Natural Gas Liquids --<br/>17.9.Natural Gas --<br/>17.10.Coal --<br/>17.10.1.Coal Conversion --<br/>17.11.Carbon Sequestration for Fossil Fuel Utilization --<br/>17.12.Great Plains Synfuels Plant: Industrial Ecology in Practice to Produce Energy and Chemicals --<br/>17.13.Nuclear Energy --<br/>17.13.1.Thorium-Fueled Reactors --<br/>17.13.2.Nuclear Fusion --<br/>17.14.Geothermal Energy --<br/>17.15.Sun: An Ideal, Renewable Energy Source --<br/>17.15.1.Solar Photovoltaic Energy Systems --<br/>17.15.2.Artificial Photosynthesis for Capturing Solar Energy --<br/>17.16.Energy from Earth's Two Great Fluids in Motion --<br/>17.16.1.Surprising Success of Wind Power --<br/>17.16.2.Energy from Moving Water --<br/>17.16.3.Energy from Moving Water without Dams --<br/>17.17.Biomass Energy: An Overview of Biofuels and Their Resources --<br/>17.17.1.Processing of Biofuel to More Compact Forms --<br/>17.17.2.Decarbonization with Biomass Utilization --<br/>17.17.3.Conversion of Biomass to Other Fuels --<br/>17.17.4.Ethanol Fuel --<br/>17.17.5.Biodiesel Fuel --<br/>17.17.6.Fuel from Algae --<br/>17.17.7.Unrealized Potential of Lignocellulose Fuels --<br/>17.17.8.Chemical Conversion of Biomass to Synthetic Fuels --<br/>17.17.9.Biogas --<br/>17.17.10.Biorefineries and Systems of Industrial Ecology for Utilizing Biomass --<br/>17.17.11.System of Industrial Ecology for Methane Production from Renewable Sources --<br/>17.18.Hydrogen as a Means to Store and Utilize Energy --<br/>17.19.Combined Power Cycles --<br/>17.20.Environmental Health Aspects of Energy Production and Utilization --<br/>17.20.1.Coal --<br/>17.20.2.Petroleum and Natural Gas --<br/>17.20.3.Nuclear Energy --<br/>Questions and Problems --<br/>Literature Cited --<br/>Supplementary References --<br/>ch. 18 Analytical Chemistry and Industrial Hygiene --<br/>18.1.Analytical Chemistry --<br/>18.2.Industrial Hygiene and Analytical Chemistry --<br/>18.2.1.What Is Industrial Hygiene? --<br/>18.2.2.Laws and Regulations Pertaining to Occupational Safety and Health --<br/>18.3.Categories of Workplace Hazards --<br/>18.4.Chemical Hazards --<br/>18.4.1.Exposure Limits --<br/>18.5.Workplace Sampling and Personal Monitoring --<br/>18.6.Chemical Analysis Process --<br/>18.7.Major Categories of Chemical Analysis --<br/>18.8.Error and Treatment of Data --<br/>18.9.Gravimetric Analysis --<br/>18.10.Volumetric Analysis: Titration --<br/>18.11.Spectrophotometric Methods of Analysis --<br/>18.11.1.Absorption Spectrophotometry --<br/>18.11.2.Atomic Absorption and Emission Analyses --<br/>18.11.3.Atomic Emission Techniques --<br/>18.12.Electrochemical Methods of Analysis --<br/>18.13.Chromatography --<br/>18.13.1.High-Performance Liquid Chromatography --<br/>18.13.2.Ion Chromatography --<br/>18.13.3.Chromatography-Based Methods of Analysis for Water Pollutants --<br/>18.14.Mass Spectrometry --<br/>18.15.Automated Analyses --<br/>18.16.Immunoassay Screening --<br/>18.17.Total Organic Carbon in Water --<br/>18.18.Measurement of Radioactivity in Water --<br/>18.19.Analysis of Wastes and Solids --<br/>18.19.1.Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure --<br/>18.20.Atmospheric Monitoring --<br/>18.20.1.Methods for Sampling and Analyzing Atmospheric Pollutants --<br/>18.20.2.Determination of Atmospheric Sulfur Dioxide by the West-Gaeke Method --<br/>18.20.3.Atmospheric Particulate Matter --<br/>18.20.4.Nitrogen Oxides in the Atmosphere --<br/>18.20.5.Determination of Atmospheric Oxidants --<br/>18.20.6.Atmospheric Carbon Monoxide by Infrared Absorption --<br/>18.20.7.Determination of Hydrocarbons and Organics in the Atmosphere --<br/>18.20.8.Direct Spectrophotometric Analysis of Gaseous Air Pollutants --<br/>18.21.Analysis of Biological Materials and Xenobiotics --<br/>18.21.1.Indicators of Exposure to Xenobiotics --<br/>18.21.2.Immunological Methods of Xenobiotics Analysis --<br/>Questions and Problems --<br/>Literature Cited --<br/>Supplementary References --<br/>ch. 19 Fundamentals of Chemistry --<br/>19.1.Science of Matter --<br/>19.1.1.States of Matter --<br/>19.1.2.Gases and the Gas Laws --<br/>19.2.Elements --<br/>19.2.1.Subatomic Particles and Atoms --<br/>19.2.2.Atom Nucleus and Electron Cloud --<br/>19.2.3.Isotopes --<br/>19.2.4.Important Elements --<br/>19.2.5.Periodic Table --<br/>19.2.6.Electrons in Atoms --<br/>19.2.7.Lewis Structures and Symbols of Atoms --<br/>19.2.8.Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids --<br/>19.3.Chemical Bonding --<br/>19.3.1.Chemical Compounds --<br/>19.3.2.Molecular Structure --<br/>19.3.3.Summary of Chemical Compounds and the Ionic Bond --<br/>19.3.4.Molecular Mass --<br/>19.3.5.Mole and Molar Mass --<br/>19.3.6.Oxidation State --<br/>19.4.Chemical Reactions and Equations --<br/>19.4.1.Reaction Rates --<br/>19.5.Solutions --<br/>19.5.1.Solution Concentration --<br/>19.5.2.Water as a Solvent --<br/>19.5.3.Solutions of Acids, Bases, and Salts --<br/>19.5.4.Concentration of H+ Ion and pH --<br/>19.5.5.Metal Ions Dissolved in Water --<br/>19.5.6.Complex Ions Dissolved in Water --<br/>19.5.7.Colloidal Suspensions --<br/>19.5.8.Solution Equilibria --<br/>19.5.9.Distribution between Phases --<br/>Questions and Problems --<br/>Literature Cited --<br/>Supplementary References --<br/>ch. 20 Organic Chemistry --<br/>20.1.Organic Chemistry --<br/>20.1.1.Molecular Geometry in Organic Chemistry --<br/>20.1.2.Chirality and the Shapes of Organic Molecules --<br/>20.2.Hydrocarbons --<br/>20.2.1.Alkanes --<br/>20.2.2.Alkenes --<br/>20.2.3.Aromatic Hydrocarbons --<br/>20.3.Using Lines to Show Structural Formulas --<br/>20.4.Functional Groups --<br/>20.4.1.Organooxygen Compounds --<br/>20.4.2.Organonitrogen Compounds --<br/>20.4.3.Organohalide Compounds --<br/>20.4.4.Organosulfur and Organophosphorus Compounds --<br/>20.5.Giant Molecules from Small Organic Molecules --<br/>Questions and Problems --<br/>Supplementary References. |
