Formatted contents note |
.<br/>The Science of Psychology 2<br/>WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY? 4<br/>The Field of Psychology 4<br/>Psychology's Goals 4<br/>PSYCHOLOGY THEN: THE HISTORY<br/>OF PSYCHOLOGY 6<br/>In the Beginning: Wundt, Introspection,<br/>and the Laboratory 6<br/>Jitchener and Structuralism in America 7<br/>William James and Functionalism 8 *<br/>Gestalt Psychology: The Whole Is Greater Than the Sum<br/>of Its Parts 9<br/>Sigmund Freud's Psychoanalysis 9<br/>John B. Watson and Behaviorism 10<br/>CLASSIC SrnrHFS PS VCHC)! Qi'l Y<br/>Psychologist Mary Cover Jones and "Little Peter" 11<br/>PSYCHOLOGY NOW: MODERN PERSPECTIVES 13<br/>Psychodynamic Perspective 13<br/>Behavioral Perspective 13<br/>Humanistic Perspective 13<br/>Biopsychological Perspective 14<br/>Cognitive Perspective 14<br/>Sociocultural Perspective 15<br/>Evolutionary Perspective 15<br/>TYPES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PROFESSIONALS 16<br/>Areas of Specialization 18<br/>PSYCHOLOGY: THE SCIENCE 18<br/>Why Psychologists Use the Scientific Method 18<br/>Descriptive Methods 20<br/>Finding Relationships 24<br/>'A : ■ C ' i 'CLOG Y<br/>Teresa Amah J the Effect of Extrinsic Reward<br/>on Creativiti<br/>ETHICS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 31<br/>The Guidelines for Doing Research with People 32<br/>CRITICAL THINKING 33<br/>The Criteria for Critical Thinking 33 •<br/>Pseudopsychologies: Why Do People Fall for Fakery? 34<br/>APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY TO EVERYDAY LIFE:<br/>USING CRITICAL THINKING-DOES<br/>ASTROLOGY WORK? 35<br/>Chapter Summary 36<br/>Key Terms 37<br/>Test Yourself 38<br/>>■ CONCEPT MAP 40<br/>The Biological Perspective 42<br/>AN OVERVIEW OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 44<br/>NEURONS AND NERVES: BUILDING THE NETWORK 45<br/>Structure of the Neuron—The Nervous System's Building<br/>Block 45 ^<br/>Generating the Message Within the Neuron—The Neural<br/>Impulse 46<br/>Sending the Message to Other Cells: The Synapse 49<br/>Neurotransmitters: Messengers of the Network 51<br/>Cleaning Up the Synapse: Reuptake and Enzymes 52<br/>the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM-THE "CENTRAI<br/>PROCESSING UNIT" 53 ^tivj iKAL<br/>The Brain 53<br/>The Spinal Cord 53<br/>PSYCHOLOGY IN THE NEWS<br/>Adult Bone Marrow: New Hope for the Damaged Brain 55<br/>THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM-NERVES<br/>ON THE EDGE 56 ivcrsvta<br/>The Somatic Nervous System 56<br/>The Autonomic Nervous System 57<br/>PEEKING INSIDE THE BRAIN 60<br/>Clinical Studies 60<br/>The EEG 60<br/>CT Scans 62<br/>MRI Scans 62<br/>PET Scans 62<br/>FROM THE BOTTOM UP THE STRUCTURES<br/>OF THE BRAIN 62<br/>The Brain Stem 63<br/>Structures Under the Cortex 64<br/>The Cortex 66<br/>The Association Areas of the Cortex 69<br/>CLASSIC STUDiFS Ui PSYCHOLOGY<br/>Through the Looking Glass: Spatial Neglect 70<br/>The Cerebral Hemispheres: Are You in Your<br/>Right Mind? 70<br/>THE CHEMICAL CONNECTION: THE ENDOCRINE<br/>GLANDS 72<br/>The Pituitary, Master of the Hormonal Universe 73<br/>The Pineal Gland 73<br/>The Thyroid Gland 73<br/>» Pancreas 73<br/>The Gonads 74<br/>The Adrenal Glands 74<br/>APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY TO EVERYDAY LIFE:<br/>DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE<br/>BRAINS 74<br/>Chapter Summary 76<br/>Key Terms 78<br/>Test Yourself 78<br/>► CONCEPT MAP 80<br/>Sensation and Perception 82<br/>THE ABCs OF SENSATION 84<br/>What Is Sensation? 84<br/>Sensory Thresholds 84<br/>Habituation and Sensory Adaptation 86<br/>the SCIENCE OF SEEING 87<br/>Psychological Properties of Light: Catching the Waves 87<br/>The Structure of the Eye 88<br/>How the Eye Works 90<br/>Color Vision 91 -<br/>the hearing sense: CAN YOU HEAR ME NOW? Ss<br/>Psychological Properties of Sound 95<br/>The Structure 6f the Ear: Follow the Vibes, 96<br/>Theories of Pitch 98<br/>Types of Hearing Impairments 98<br/>PSYCHOLOGY IN THE NEWS<br/>New Surger, to Help Restore Heaiing 100<br/>CHEMICAI SfNSES: IT TASTES GOOD, BUT IT SMELLS<br/>""TueL'oa HOW we Taste the World 101<br/>The Sense Of Scents: Olfaction 103<br/>SOMESTHETIC SENSES: WHAT THE BODY KNOWS 104<br/>Touch, Pressure, and Temperature 104<br/>Pain—Gate-Control Theory 105<br/>The Kinesthetic Sense 106<br/>The Vestibular Sense 106<br/>THE ABCs OF PERCEPTION 108<br/>The Constancies: Size, Shape, and Brightness 108<br/>The Gestalt Principles 108<br/>Depth Perception 111<br/>CLASSIC STUDIES IN PSYCHOLOGY<br/>The Visual Cliff 111<br/>Perceptual Illusions 114<br/>Factors That Influence Perception 116<br/>applying PSYCHOLOGY TO EVERYDAY LIFE: THINKING<br/>CRITICALLY ABOUT ESP 117<br/>Chapter Summary 119<br/>Key Terms 120<br/>Test Yourself 121<br/>^ CONCEPT MAP 122<br/>Consciousness: Sleep, Dreams,<br/>Hypnosis, and Drugs 124<br/>WHAT IS CONSCIOUSNESS? 126<br/>Definition of Consciousness 126<br/>Altered States of Consciousness 126<br/>ALTERED STATES: SLEEP 127<br/>The Necessity of Sleep 127<br/>The Stages of Sleep 131<br/>REM Sleep 133<br/>REM Madness 134<br/>i l l p 5 v C H f 'I i<br/>PSYCHOLOGY IN THE NEWS<br/>Murderous Dreams 135<br/>Sleep Disorders 137 |<br/>DREAMS 139<br/>)G V<br/>Freud's Interpretation: Dreams as Wish Fulfillment 139<br/>The Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis 140<br/>What Do People Dream About? I4i<br/>ALTERED STATES: HYPNOSIS 142<br/>Steps in Hypnotic Induction 142<br/>Fact or Mirth: What Can Hypnosis Really Do? 143<br/>Theories of Hypnosis 144<br/>ALTERED STATES: PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS 145<br/>Physical Dependence 145<br/>Psychological Dependence 146<br/>Stimulants: Up, Up, and Away 146<br/>Down in the Valley: Depressants 150<br/>Alcohol 151<br/>Narcotics: I Feel Your Pain 152<br/>Hallucinogens: Higher and Higher 154<br/>Marijuana 155<br/>APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY TO EVERYDAY LIFE: ARE YOU<br/>SLEEP DEPRIVED? 157<br/>Causes of Sleep Deprivation 158<br/>How Can You Tell if You Are Sleep Deprived 158<br/>Chapter Summary 158<br/>ftey Terms 160<br/>Test Yourself 160<br/>► CONCEPT MAP 162<br/>Learning 164<br/>DEFINITION OF LEARNING 166<br/>IT MAKES YOUR MOUTH WATER: CLASSICAL<br/>CONDITIONING 167<br/>Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs 167<br/>Elements of Classical Conditioning 167<br/>Putting It All Together: Pavlov's Canine Classic,<br/>or Ding, Dong, Bell 168<br/>Conditioned Emotional Responses: Rats! 172<br/>Other Conditioned Responses in Humans 173<br/>Why Does Classical Conditioning Work? 174<br/>WHAT'S IN IT FOR ME? OPERANT CONDITIONING 175<br/>Frustrating Cats: Thorndike's Puzzle Box and the Law<br/>of Effect 176<br/>B. F. Skinner: The Behaviorist's Behaviorist 177<br/>The Concept of Reinforcement 177<br/>Other Operant Concepts 181<br/>The Schedules of Reinforcement: Why the Gne-Armed<br/>Bandit Is So Seductive 182<br/>Punishment 186<br/>Stimulus Control: Slow Down, It's the Cops 188<br/>ri A^SIC<br/>!■•' V rtfOLor-V<br/>Biological Constraints of Operant Conditioning 188<br/>Applying Operant Conditioning: Behavior Modification 190<br/>PSYCHOLOGY IN THE NEWS<br/>Neurofeedback and the Treatmen >f ADD 191<br/>COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORN J2<br/>Tolman's Maze-Running Rats:<br/>Latent Learning 193<br/>Seligman's Depressed Dogs: Learned Helplessness 194<br/>Kohler's Smart Chimp: Insight Learning 195<br/>OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING 196<br/>Bandura and the Bobo Doll 196<br/>The Four Elements of Observational Learning 197<br/>APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY TO EVERYDAY LIFE: CAN YOU<br/>REALLY TOILET TRAIN YOUR CAT? 198<br/>Ready? First Start by Training Yourself... 199<br/>Chapter Summary 201<br/>Key Terms 203<br/>Test Yourself 203<br/>CONCEPT MAP 206<br/>Memory 208<br/>MEMORY 210<br/>Putting It In: Encoding 210<br/>Keeping It In: Storage 211<br/>Getting It Out: Retrieval 211<br/>MODELS OF MEMORY 211<br/>Levels-of-Processing Model 211<br/>Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) Model 212<br/>THE INFORMATION-PROCESSING MODEL' THREE<br/>STAGES OF MEMORY 212<br/>Sensory Memory: Why Do People Do Double<br/>Takes? 213<br/>Short-Term (Working) Memory 215<br/>Long-Term Memory 218<br/>getting it OUT: RETRIEVAL OF LONG-TERM<br/>memories 224<br/>Retrieval Cues 224<br/>Recall: Hmm . . . Let Me Think 226<br/>Recognition: Hey, Don't I Know You from<br/>Somewhere? 227<br/>...urA.- .M, p. , 1'^ > r Q^V<br/>f- 1 A c '■ . f c '•*; 1 r- i r I- I ' .<br/>Elizabeth Loftus and Eyewitnesses 228<br/>Automatic Encoding: Flashbulb Memories 229<br/>THE RECONSTRUCTIVE NATURE OF LONG-TERM<br/>memory RETRIEVAL: HOW RELIABLE ARE<br/>memories? 230<br/>Constructive Processing of Memories 23(.<br/>Memory Retrieval Problems 231<br/>WHAT WERE WE TALKING ABOUT? FORGETTING 234<br/>Ebbinghaus and the Forgetting Curve 234<br/>Encoding Failure 235<br/>Memory Trace Decay Theory 235<br/>Intetference Theory, 235<br/>MEMORY AND THE BRAIN: THE PHYSICAL ASPECTS<br/>OF MEMORY 237<br/>Neural Activity and Structure In Memory Formation 237<br/>The Hippocampus and Memory 237<br/>When Memory Falls: Organic Amnesia 238<br/>APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY TO EVERYDAY LIFE:<br/>CURRENT RESEARCH IN ALZHEIMER'S<br/>DISEASE 240<br/>Chapter Summary 241<br/>Key Terms 243<br/>Test Yourself 243<br/>► CONCEPT MAP 246<br/>Development Across the Life<br/>Span 248<br/>ISSUES IN STUDYING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 250<br/>Nature Versus Nurture 251<br/>PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT 252<br/>Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA 252<br/>Dominant and Recessive Genes 253<br/>Genetic and Chromosome Problems 254<br/>From Conception to Birth 255<br/>PSYCHOLOGY IN THE NEWS<br/>Abby and Britty Hensel, Together for Life 256<br/>INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT 259<br/>Physical Development 260<br/>mm CURRENT ISSUES IN PSYCHOLOGYIW<br/>The Facts and Myths About Immunizations 262<br/>Cognitive Development 264<br/>Psychosoclal Development 270<br/>rm CLASSIC studies in PSYCHCiLOGY<br/>Harlow and Contact Comfort 272<br/>ADOLESCENCE 274 ' -<br/>Physical Development 274 /<br/>Cognitive Development 275 " ,<br/>Psychosoclal Development 278 '<br/>ADULTHOOD 279<br/>Physical Development: Use It or Lose It 279<br/>Cognitive Development 280<br/>Psychosoclal Development 281<br/>'' Theories of Aging 282<br/>" .Stages of Death and Dying 283<br/>APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY TO EVERYDAY LIFE-<br/>ADHD—NOT JUST FOR CHILDREN 284<br/>Chapter Summary 286<br/>Key Terms 287<br/>Test Yourself 288<br/>> CONCEPT MAP 290<br/>Theories of Personality 442<br/>THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 444<br/>THE MAN AND THE COUCH: SIGMUND FREUD'<br/>AND PSYCHOANALYSIS 445<br/>Freud's Cultural Background 445<br/>The Divisions of the Mind 445 .<br/>The Divisions of the Personality 446<br/>Stages of Personality Development 448<br/>The Neo-Freudians 451<br/>Current Thoughts on Freud and Psychoanalysis 454<br/>THE BEHAVIORIST'S VIEW OF PERSONALITY 455<br/>THE SOCIAL COGNITIVE VIEW OF PERSONALITY 456<br/>Bandura's Reciprocal Determinism and Self-Efficacy 456<br/>Current Thoughts on the Social Cognitive View 457<br/>THE THIRD FORCE: HUMANISM AND PERSONALITY 457<br/>Carl Rogers and Self-Concept 457<br/>Current Thoughts on the Humanistic View of Personality 459<br/>trait THEORIES: WHO ARE YOU? 459<br/>Allport 459<br/>Cattell and the 16PF 460<br/>The Big Five: OCEAN, or the Five-Factor Model of Personality 461<br/>Current Thoughts on the Trait Perspective 462<br/>THE BIOLOGY OF PERSONALITY: BEHAVIORAL<br/>GENETICS 462<br/>Twin Studies 463<br/>Adoption Studies 464<br/>Current Findings 464<br/>j;- CLASSIC STUDIES IN PSYCHOLOG Y<br/>Geert Hofstede's Four Dimensions of Cultural Personality 455<br/>ASSESSMENT OF PERSONALITY 466<br/>Interviews 466<br/>Projective Tests 467<br/>Behavioral Assessments 469<br/>Personality Inventories 469<br/>APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY TO EVERYDAY LIFE-<br/>PERSONALITY TESTING ON THE INTERNET 471<br/>Chapter Summary 472<br/>Key Terms 474<br/>Test Yourself 474<br/>APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY TO EVERYDAY LIFE: SEASONAL<br/>AFFECTIVE DISORDER (SAD) 552<br/>Chapter Summary 553<br/>Key Terms 555<br/>Psychological Disorders ^20 Test Yourself 556<br/>WHAT IS ABNORMALITY? 522<br/>A Brief History of Psychological Disorders 522<br/>What Is Abnormal? 523<br/>The Final Definition of Abnormality 524<br/>MODELS OF ABNORMALITY 524<br/>The Biological Model: Medical Causes for Psychological<br/>Disorders 524<br/>The Psychological Models 525<br/>'M P;;''CHOLOGYrAI<br/>A Look at Abnormality in Various Cultures 526<br/>DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL, VERSION IV,<br/>TEXT REVISION (D5M-IV-TR) 527<br/>Categories in the DSM-IV-TR 527<br/>How Common Are Psychological Disorders? 529<br/>ANXIETY DISORDERS: WHAT, ME WORRY? 530<br/>Phobic Disorders: When Fears Get Out of Hand 530<br/>Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 532<br/>Panic Disorder 532<br/>Generalized Anxiety Disorder 533<br/>Causes of Anxiety Disorder 533<br/>SOMATOFORM DISORDERS: SICKNESS AS^A STATE<br/>OF MIND 535<br/>Hypochondriasis 535<br/>Somatization Disorder 535<br/>Conversion Disorder 535<br/>Causes of Somatoform Disorders 536<br/>DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS: ALTERED CONSCIOUSNESS 536<br/>Dissociative Amnesia: Who Am I? 537<br/>Dissociative Fugue: Who Am I and How Did I Get Here? 537<br/>Dissociative Identity Disorder: How Many Am I? 538<br/>Causes of Dissociative Disorders 539<br/>pw5 cURRflNT ISSUES IN RS'ff HOLOGYSfH<br/>Was "Sybil" a True Multiple Personality? 540<br/>MOOD DISORDERS: THE EFFECT OF AFFECT 541<br/>Major Depression 542<br/>Bipolar Disorders 542<br/>Causes of Mood Disorders 543<br/>SCHIZOPHRENIA: ALTERED REALITY 544<br/>Symptoms 545<br/>Categories of Schizophrenia 546<br/>Causes of Schizophrenia 547<br/>PERSONALITY DISORDERS: I'M OKAY, IT'S EVERYONE<br/>ELSE WHO'S WEIRD 549<br/> |