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CHAPTER 1: Recent Trends and Outlook for the LDCs...<br/>A. Introduction<br/>B. Recent trends in the global economy and implications for the LDCs....<br/>1. Global growth and international trade.<br/>2. Recent trends in financial flows<br/>3. Recent trends in commodity prices....<br/>4. Recent developments in special and differential treatment of the LDCs<br/>C. Recent economic performance of the LDCs<br/>1. Trends in the real economy<br/>2. Trends in current account and international trade<br/>3. Trends in external finance.,<br/>D. Outlook for the LDCs<br/>Notes<br/>References.<br/>CHAPTER 2: Exploring Demographic Dynamics in the LDCs.<br/>A. Rationale for addressing growth with employment for inclusive and sustainable development<br/>in the LDCs<br/>8. Exploring demographic dynamics In the LDCs....<br/>1. Key demographic trends in the LDCs<br/>2. Urbanization and rural-urban labour migration ..<br/>3. Conclusions...<br/>Appendix 1<br/>Notes<br/>References<br/>CHAPTER 3: Employment Trends in LDCs....<br/>A. The quantity of employment in the LDCs...<br/>1. Introduction<br/>2. The LDC employment challenge<br/>3. Gross employment trends in the LDCs....<br/>4. Sectoral distribution of employment by status ...<br/>5. LDC labour productivity....<br/>6. Labour force participation rates L...<br/>7. LDC employment-to-population ratios.<br/>8. Rural non-farm employment: panacea, or Pandora's box? .<br/>9. Unemployment and inactivity<br/>B. The quality of employment in the LDCs...<br/>1. The LDC working poor<br/>2. Employment status and vulnerable work in the LDCs<br/>3. Informal sector employment<br/>C. Employment growth and estimated net job creation...<br/>D. Conclusions...<br/>Notes<br/>References<br/>CHAPTER 4: A Framework for Linking Employment Creation and Development of Productive<br/>Capacities in the LDCs<br/>A. Introduction<br/>B. Investing to develop productive capacities: capital accumulation<br/>1. Capital accumulation and the role of the investment-growth-employment nexus.<br/>2. The nexus in the short term: the primary role of the public sector..<br/>3. The nexus in the long term: the primary role of the private sector..<br/>4. Formation of human capital<br/>C. Enterprise development and technological change<br/>1. Enterprise development and the employment challenge: Firm size matters<br/>2. Technological change and the employment challenge; the choice of technology matters..<br/>D. Structural change<br/>1. Structural change and employment challenge: the three-pronged approach<br/>2. Agriculture and the employment challenge: modernizing subsistence activities in rural areas..<br/>3. Tradable activities: the employment challenge In an open economy<br/>4. Non-tradable activities: the employment challenge in low-productivity activities<br/>E. How to adjust the framework to conditions in different LDCs<br/>1. Fuel and mineral producers and exporters<br/>2. Producers and exporters of agricultural products ...<br/>3. Producers and exporters of manufactured goods...<br/>4. Small island developing States<br/>F. Conclusions..<br/>Notes<br/>References<br/>CHAPTER 5: Policies for Employment-Intensive Growth in the LDCs..<br/>A. Introduction<br/>B. Macroeconomic strategies<br/>C. Managing the external sector<br/>D. State-led employment creation<br/>E. Enterprise development..<br/>1. Industrial policies<br/>2. Policies to foster entrepreneurship<br/>F. Summary and conclusions<br/>G. International support measure: Bolstering youth employment In LDCs through private sector<br/>development...<br/>Notes<br/>References<br/>Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries<br/>1. Graduation of Samoa from LOG status<br/>2. Changing growth model in China and possible consequences for the LDCs<br/>3. Observations on rural non-farm employment In Bangladesh<br/>4. Focusing on smaller-scale projects to foster job creation: the case of Mozambique..<br/>1. Terms of trade Indices of LDCs, regional groups of LDCs and ODCs, 2000-2012<br/>2. Food, meat and cereal price Indices, January 2005-June 2013<br/>3. Concentration Indices of exports of country groups, selected years.,<br/>4. Private financial flows to the LDCs, 2000-2012.<br/>5. Official capital flows to LDCs, 2000-2011<br/>6. LDC population, 1970-2050<br/>7. Average annual population growth rate in the LDCs, 1970-2012<br/>8. Average annual Increase in the LDC working-age population 2010-2050<br/>9. LDC population by age groups, 1990-2050<br/>10. LDC dependency ratios, 2010 and 2050<br/>11. Youth population, (10-24 years), 1950-2050....<br/>12. Age distribution of LDC and ODC populations, 2015 and 2050<br/>13. LDC rural-urban population trends and forecasts, 1970-2050<br/>14. LDC GDP, employment and population growth trends, 2000-2018<br/>15. Labour force dynamics In the LDCs, 1990-2020<br/>16. Growth of agricultural and non-agricultural labour force In LDCs, 1990-2020<br/>17. Employment In major economic sectors, 2000-2018...<br/>18. LDC labour productivity, by country groups and by export specialization, 2000-2012 ..<br/>19. LDC output per worker as a share of more developed economies, 1990-2012<br/>20. Agricultural labour productivity trends in LDCs, developed and other developing count tes,<br/>1985-2011<br/>21. LDC labour force participation rates by gender and region, 2012<br/>22. LDC Labour force participation rates, by region and age, 1980-2009<br/>23. Labour force participation rates for women in LDCs, 1990-2012<br/>24. Employment-to-population ratios, LDC regional averages by gender, 2012 ;<br/>25. Youth and adult employment-to-population ratios in selected LDCs, 2000 to 2012<br/>26. Household participation and shares in rural non-farm income-generating activities in four<br/>selected LDCs<br/>27. LDC total unemployment rate by region, gender and youth, 1991-2012<br/>28. LDC inactivity rates for youths and working-age population, 2009<br/>29. Share of the working poor in LDCs living on less than $1.25 per day in total employment,~2dd0-2017 ..71<br/>30. Share of vulnerable employment in LDCs and ODCs, 2000-2018 ;.<br/>31. Distribution of employment by status in selected LDCs, 2012<br/>32. Employment by economic class in the LDCs and ODCs (various years)...<br/>33. Growth elasticity of employment in LDCs, 2004-2008<br/>34. Elasticity of total employment to total GDP in the LDCs, 2000-2008<br/>35. Policy framework for linking development of productive capacities with employment creation<br/>in LDCs<br/>36. Investment ratios in LDCs and ODCs, 1985-2011 ..<br/>37. The investment-growth-employment nexus in a closed economy...<br/>38. Primary sector as a share of GDP, 2009-2011....<br/>39. Rural population as a share of total population, 2010-2012<br/>40. Cereal yield in LDCs and ODCs, 1990-2011<br/>1. Real GDP and real GDP per capita growth rates for LDCs, advanced economies<br/>emerging and developing economies and world, selected years<br/>2. Price indices for selected primary commodities of importance to LDCs, 2008-2013<br/>3. Real GDP and real GDP per capita growth rates for LDCs, by groups, selected years<br/>4. Exports and imports of merchandise and services in LDCs<br/>5. Composition of merchandise exports and imports in LDCs, average 2010-2012<br/>6. Real GDP growth rates for LDCs, developing and advanced economies, selected vparo ^<br/>and forecasts 1R<br/>7. Broad demographic trends in the LDCs, 1980-2011<br/>8. LDC distribution of population and labour, 2000-2020<br/>9. Urbanization and pressure on land in the LDCs, 1980-2011<br/>10. Changing locus of the labour force in LDCs 1990-2020<br/>11. Sectoral share of total employment for selected LDCs, various yeafe...<br/>12. Labour force participation rates, 1980-2009<br/>13. LDC Inactivity rates, 1980-2009<br/>14. Employment and poverty dynamics in the LDCs, 2000-2018<br/>15. Distribution of employment by status, 2012<br/>16. Contribution of informal sector to total non-agricultural employment in selected LDCs<br/>17. Decomposition of GDP per capita in selected LDCs, 2000-2010<br/>18. Growth decomposition, percentage contribution to total growth in GDP<br/>19. Indicators of human capital formation in LDCs and ODCs, 1995 and 2011<br/>Annex Tables<br/>1. Indicators on LDCs development, 2012<br/>2. Real GDP growth rates for individual LDCs, selected years<br/>3. Real GDP per capita growth rates for individual LDCs, selected years..<br/>4. Gross capital formation, gross domestic savings and resource gap in LDGs,by country,<br/>and by LDG groups, selected years 173<br/>5. Share of value added in main economic sectors in LDGs, by country and country groups,<br/>1999-2001 and 2009-2011<br/>6. Foreign direct investment inflows to LDGs, selected years...<br/>7. Total workers remittances to LDGs, by country and groups..<br/>8. Selected indicators on debt burden in LDGs<br/>9. Indicators on area and population, 2011<br/>10. Selected indicators on education and labour, 2011...<br/>11. Selected indicators on demography in LDGs.<br/>12. LDG selected population indicators, 2012<br/>13. New entrants to the labour market in LDGs ...<br/>14. Total employment trends in LDGs<br/>15. Countries and data sources for LDG sub-sample RNF income analysis., |
