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<p>PREFACE vii <p>PART I INTRODUCTION 3 <p>1. Eruptions, Jargon, and History 5 <p>A Grey Volcano in Eruption Galunggung 1982 6 <p>A Red Volcano in Eruption Kilauea 1974 16 <p>Some Basic Terminology 22 <p>History of Volcanology 27 <p>Further Reading 39 <p>Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 40 <p>PART II THE BIG PICTURE 43 <p>2. Global Perspectives Plate Tectonics and Volcanism 45 <p>Birth of a Theory 45 <p>Volcanoes along Divergent Plate Boundaries 51 <p>Volcanoes along Convergent Plate Boundaries 53 <p>Intraplate Volcanoes 60 <p>Further Reading 63 <p>Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 64 <p>3. The Nature of Magma Where Volcanoes Come From 65 <p>Origins of Magma 65 <p>The Physics and Chemistry of Melting 68 <p>Classification of Magma and Igneous Rocks 72 <p>Principal Magma Types 73 <p>Magmatic and Volcanic Gases 78 <p>Further Reading 86 <p>Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 87 <p>4. The Physical Properties of Magma and Why it Erupts 89 <p>Magma Temperatures 89 <p>Magma Rheology 91 <p>Magma Ascent and Emplacement 94 <p> Frozen Magma Subvolcanic Intrusives 100 <p>Triggers for Volcanic Eruptions Why Volcanoes Erupt 105 <p>Repose Intervals 108 <p>Further Reading 109 <p>Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 110 <p>PART III VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS AND THEIR PRODUCTS 113 <p>5. Classifying Volcanic Eruptions 115 <p>Lacroix Classification System 117 <p>Rittman Diagrams 118 <p>Geze Classification Diagram 119 <p>Walker Classification System 119 <p>Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) 123 <p>Further Reading 125 <p>Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 126 <p>6. Effusive Volcanic Eruptions and Their Products 127 <p>Mafic and Intermediate Effusive Eruptions 128 <p>Pahoehoe and 0A0a 135 <p>Pyroducts 138 <p>Pahoehoe Surface Structures 147 <p>Lava Flow Internal Structures 157 <p>0A0a Surface Structures 162 <p>Block Lavas 166 <p>Radiocarbon Dating of Prehistoric Lava Flows 170 <p>Further Reading 171 <p>Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 172 <p>7. An Overview of Explosive Eruptions and Their Products 173 <p>Ejecta Classification 174 <p>Explosive Eruption Styles and Their Products 188 <p>Pyroclastic Density Currents (PDCs) 204 <p>Further Reading 220 <p>Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 221 <p>8. A Closer Look at Large-scale Explosive Eruptions 223 <p>Measuring the Sizes of Plinian Eruptions 224 <p>Plinian Eruption Dynamics 224 <p>Pyroclastic Density Currents (PDCs) 235 <p>Directed Blasts 255 <p> Super-Eruptions 258 <p>Further Reading 261 <p>Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 262 <p>PART IV VOLCANIC LANDFORMS AND SETTINGS 265 <p>9. Constructional ( Positive ) Volcanic Landforms 267 <p>Large Igneous Provinces 267 <p>Shield Volcanoes 270 <p>Composite Volcanoes 283 <p>Minor Volcanic Landforms 290 <p>Volcano Old Age and Extinction 308 <p>Further Reading 314 <p>Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 315 <p>10. Negative Volcanic Landforms Craters and Calderas 317 <p>Small Craters 318 <p>Calderas 321 <p>Post-caldera Resurgence 331 <p>Caldera Formation Mechanisms 335 <p>Caldera Roots Relationships to Plutonic Rocks 336 <p>Volcano-tectonic Depressions 336 <p>Further Reading 338 <p>Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 339 <p>11. Mass-wasting Processes and Products 341 <p>Landslides, Avalanches, and Sector Collapses 341 <p>Lahars 347 <p>Causes of Lahars 350 <p>Lahar Dynamics 354 <p>Lahar Destructiveness 356 <p>Further Reading 358 <p>Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 359 <p>12. Volcanoes Unseen and Far Away 361 <p>Submarine and Subglacial Volcanoes The Meeting of Fire, Water, and Ice 362 <p>Extraterrestrial Volcanoes 377 <p>Further Reading 392 <p>Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 393 <p>PART V HUMANISTIC VOLCANOLOGY 395 <p>13. Volcanoes: Life, Climate, and Human History 397 <p>Volcanoes and the Origin of Life 397 <p>Volcanoes, Atmosphere, and Climate 398 <p>Volcanic Influence on Soil Fertility and Agriculture 406 <p>Volcanoes and Human History 407 <p>Social Impact of Volcanic Eruptions 408 <p>Further Reading 411 <p>Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 412 <p>14. Volcanic Hazards and Risk Monitoring and Mitigation 413 <p>Hazards and Risk 414 <p>Active, Dormant, and Extinct Volcanoes 414 <p>Volcanic Hazards 416 <p>Volcanic Risk 425 <p>Volcano Monitoring 443 <p>Volcanic Crisis Management 455 <p>Further Reading 462 <p>Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 463 <p>15. Economic Volcanology 465 <p>Earth Energy Relationships 465 <p>Volcano Energy 466 <p>Stored Energy: Geothermal Power 467 <p>Volcanoes and Ore Deposits 470 <p>Other Useful Volcanic Materials 475 <p>Further Reading 477 <p>Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 478 <p>Epilogue: The Future of Volcanology 479 <p>References 481 <p>Index 521 <p>Appendix: List of Prominent World Volcanoes 538 <p>Map: Prominent World Volcanoes 540 <p>Companion website available at www.wiley.com/go/lockwood/volcanoes |
