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H AN INTRODUCTION TO ETHICAL THEORY<br/>1. Moral Argument and Ethical Theory 1<br/>1.1 Distinguishing Moral and Empirical Claims 1<br/>1.2 Justification, Explanation, Prediction, and Description 5<br/>1.3 Moral Argument: The Interplay of Moral and Empirical Claims 7<br/>1.4 Harm and Benefit 11<br/>1.5 Evaluating Ethical Theories 14<br/>2. Influential Ethical Ideas and Theories 16<br/>2.1 From Ethical Egoism to Social Darwinism 16<br/>2.2 The Divine Command Theory 18<br/>2.3 Rights Theories 20<br/>2.4 Utilitarianism 24<br/>2.5 Utilitarianism and Economic Theory 27<br/>2.6 Natural Law Theory 30<br/>2.7 The Influence of Kant 33<br/>2.8 Environmental Justice 34<br/>2.9 The Idea of a Unique Environmental Ethic 37<br/>III WESTERN RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL<br/>PERSPECTIVES<br/>3. Preview 43<br/>4. The Historic Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis, Lynn White, Jr. 52<br/>5. For God So Loved the World, The Reverend Dr. Andrew Linzey 58<br/>6. Judaism and the Environment, Robert Gordis 62<br/>7. Steionrdship versus Exploitation, Robin Attfield 66<br/>8. The World as God's Body, Sallie McFague 71<br/>9. Of God and Pelicans, Jay B. McDaniel 89<br/>10. Everyone Needs a Stone: Alternative Views of Nature, Nina Rosenstand 99<br/>11. Traditional Ecological Knowledge, R. E. Johannes 109<br/>12. Why Bad Things Have Happened to Good Creatures, David P. Barash 111<br/>THE OTHER ANIMALS<br/>13. Preview 114<br/>14. Good Natured—The Origins of Right and Wrong in Humans and<br/>Other Animals, Frans de Waal 122<br/>15. Animal Liberation, Peter Singer 135<br/>16. The Case for Animal Rights, Tom Regan 143<br/>17. Interspecific Justice,DonaldVanDeYeer 150<br/>18. The Prospects for Consensus and Convergence in the<br/>Animal Rights Debate, Gary E. Varner 163<br/>19. The Little Things That Run the World, Edward O. Wilson 169<br/>20. Sidelight: Parachuting Cats and Interconnectedness 172<br/>IW CONSTRUCTING AN ENVIRONMENTAL ETHIC<br/>A. The Broader, Biotic Community 174<br/>21. Preview 174<br/>22. On Being Morally Considerable,KennethE-Goodpaster 183<br/>23. Should Trees Have Standing?—Toward Legal Rights for Natural Objects,<br/>Christopher D. Stone 189<br/>24. The Ethics of Respect for Nature, Paul W. Taylor 201<br/>25. The Land Ethic, Aldo Leopold 215<br/>26. The Conceptual Foundations of the Land Ethic, J. Baird Callicott 224<br/>27. Marine Environmental Ethics, Elliot Norse 238<br/>28. Integration or Reduction: Two Approaches to Environmental Values,<br/>Bryan G. Norton 240<br/>B. Deep Ecology and Social Ecology 259<br/>29. Preview 259<br/>30. Deep Ecology, Bill Devall and George Sessions 263<br/>31. Self-Realization: An Ecological Approach to Being in the World, Arne Naess<br/>32. Will Ecology Become "The Distnal Science?", Murray Bookchin 273<br/>33. Sidelight: Do What's Natural, You Say? 277<br/>C. Ecofeminism 279<br/>34. Preview 279<br/>35. The Power and Promise of Ecological Feminism, Karen J. Warren 282<br/>36. Development, Ecology, and Women, Vandana Shiva 296<br/>37. How Feminist Is Ecofeminism?, Victoria Davion 303<br/>¥ ECONOMICS, ETHICS, AND ECOLOGY<br/>A. Letting the Market Decide 311<br/>38. Preview 311<br/>39. The Ethical Basis of the Economic Viezv of the Environment,<br/>A. Myrick Freeman III 318<br/>40. At the Shrine of Our Lady ofFdtima, or Why Political Questions Are Not<br/>All Economic, Mark Sagoff 327<br/>B. Cost-Benefit Analysis 336<br/>41. Preview 336<br/>42. Cost-Benefit Analysis: An Ethical Critique, Steven Kelman 341<br/>43. Cost-Benefit Analysis Defended, Herman B. Leonard and<br/>Richard J. Zeckhauser 347<br/>44. Sidelight: Cost-Benefit Analysis: Tool for All Seasons? 350<br/>45. Earth in the Balance Sheet, Robert Repetto 352<br/>C. From the Commons to Property 359<br/>46. Preview 359<br/>47. The Tragedy of the Commons, Garrett Hardin 364<br/>48. The Tragedy of Enclosure, George Monbiot 373<br/>49. The Creation of Property, John Locke 374<br/>50. Property Rights in Natural Resources, Kristin Shrader-Frechette 377<br/>51. Takings, Just Compensation, and the Environment, Mark Sagoff 378<br/>D. Human Population and Pressure on "Resources" 389<br/>52. Preview 389<br/>53. An Essay on the Principle of Population, Thomas Robert Malthus 397<br/>54. Sidelight: If Earth Could Speak 401<br/>55. Lifeboat Ethics, Garrett Hardin 402<br/>56. Can the Supphj of Natural Resources Reaihj Be Infinite? Yes!, Julian Simon 408<br/>57. Population, Poverty and the Local Environment, Partha S. Dasgupta 414<br/>E. Future Generations and Sustainability Questions 419<br/>58. Preview 419<br/>59. Future Getierafions, Ernest Partridge 428<br/>60. Sidelight: The Nuclear Train to the Future, Richard (Routley) Sylvan<br/>and Val (Routley) Plumwood 436<br/>61. Sustainability: An Economist's Perspective, Robert M. Solow 438<br/>62. Sustainability, Robert E. Goodin 443<br/>ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND POLICIES<br/>A. Preserving Biodiversity 451<br/>63. Preview 451<br/>64. The Diversity of Life, E. O. Wilson 459<br/>65. What Is a Species?, Stephen Jay Gould 465<br/>66. Why Do Species Matter?, Lilly-Marlene Russow 469<br/>67. Why Species Matter, Holmes Rolston III 476<br/>B. Food and Agriculture 484<br/>68. Preview 484<br/>69. A Plant's-Eye Viezu of the World, Michael Pollan 491<br/>70. Patenting Life, Claudia Mills 496<br/>71. Briite-Force Genetic Engineering, Stephen R.Paluwibi 498<br/>72. Genes in the Food!, Richard Lewontin 502<br/>73. Nature as the Measure for a Sustainable Agriculture, Wes Jackson 508<br/>74. What's in the Meat, Eric SMosser 516<br/>C. Wilderness and Forests 519<br/>75. Preview 519<br/>76. Radical American Environmentalism and Wilderness Preservation:<br/>A Third World Critique, Ramachandra Guha 521<br/>77. Tropical Forests and Their Species: Going. Going . . . ?, Norman Myers 529<br/>78. The Mismanagement of the National Forests, Perri Knize 534<br/>79. Forest Service Policy, Bryan G. Norton 543<br/>71<br/>D. Corporate Responsibility 546<br/>80. Preview 546<br/>81. Environmental Racism, Karl Grossman 550<br/>82. Consumption and the Environment, Herman E. Daly 555<br/>83. Consumption as a Theme in the North-South Dialogue, Luis N. Camacho 556<br/>84. The Chainsaivs of Greed: The Case of Pacific Lumber, Lisa H. Newton 559<br/>85. W/jy Shouldn't Corporations Be Socially Responsible?, Cluistopher Stone 571<br/>86. "I Am No Greenpeacer, But.. or Environmentalism, Risk Communication, and the<br/>Loioer Middle Class, Mark Sagoff 575<br/>E. Sliding to Global Catastrophe 587<br/>87. Preview 587<br/>88. Silent Spring, Rachel Carson 595<br/>89. The Case That the World Has Reached Limits, Robert Goodland 598<br/>90. The Climate-Change Debacle: The Perils of Politicizing Science,<br/>Patrick J. Michaels 607<br/>91. 71 Rcsyo/jsc, Christopher Flavin 615<br/>92. Climate Change Science, The National Academy of Sciences 620<br/>93. Sidelight: Let's Transform the Military, David Suzuki 622<br/>¥111 VARIETIES OF ACTIVISM<br/>94. Preview 625<br/>95. Strategic Monkeywrenching, Dave Foreman 628<br/>96. The Sea Shepherds: Bringing Justice to the High Seas, Rik Scarce 632<br/>97. An Apologia for Activism: Global Responsibility, Ethical Advocacy,<br/>and Environmental Problems, Kristin Shrader-Frechette 634<br/>98. Involuntary Simplicity: Changing Dysfuttctional Habits of Conswnption,<br/>Guy Claxton 643<br/>99. Sidelight: A Resistance Movement of One's Own 648<br/>wnilll LEARNING AND RESEARCH TOOLS<br/>100. Glossary 650<br/>101. Time Chart 656<br/>102. Internet and Other Environmental Resources 657<br/>103. Bibliography 659 |
