Formatted contents note |
Contents<br/>Part One The Language and Approach of Science<br/>Chapter 1 Science and the Scientific Approach<br/>Science and Common Sense 4<br/>Four Methods of Knowing 6<br/>Science and Its Functions 8<br/>The Aims of Science, Scientific Explanation, and Theory 11<br/>Scientific Research: A Definition 14<br/>The Scientific Approach 15<br/>Problem-Obstade-Idea 15<br/>Hypothesis 15<br/>Reasoning-Deduction 15<br/>Obsei~cation-Test-Expei-hnent 17<br/>Chapter Summary 19<br/>Study Suggestions 20<br/>Chapter 2 Problems and Hypotheses<br/>Problems 24<br/>Criteria of Problems and Problem Statements 25<br/>Hypotheses 26<br/>The Importance of Problems and Hypotheses 27<br/>Virtues of Problems and Hypotheses 28<br/>Problems, Values, and Definitions 30<br/>Generality and Specificity of Problems and Hj'potheses 31<br/>The Multivariable Nature of Behavorial Research and Problems 32<br/>Concluding Remarks: The Special Power of Hypotheses 33<br/>Chapter Summary 34<br/>Study Suggestions 3 5<br/>Chapter 3 Constructs, Variables, and Definitions<br/>Concepts and Constructs 42<br/>Variables 42<br/>Constitutive and Operational Definitions of Constructs and Variables 43<br/>Types of Variables 48<br/>Independent and Dependent Variables 48<br/>Active and Attribute Variables 53<br/>Continuous and Categorical Variables 54<br/>Constructs, Observables, and Latent Variables 56<br/>Examples of Variations and Operational Definitions 57<br/>Chapter Summary 61<br/>Study Suggestions 62<br/>Part Two Sets, Relations, and Variance<br/>Chapter 4 Sets<br/>Subsets b6<br/>Set Openitions 67<br/>The Universiil and Knipt)' Sets; Set Negation 6S<br/>Set Diagrams 69<br/>Set Operations with .Vltne Than Iwo Sets 70<br/>Partitions ami Ch-oss Partitions 71<br/>Levels of Discourse 74<br/>Chapter Suninvar)' 77<br/>Study Suggestions 78<br/>Chapter 5 Relations<br/>Relations as Sets of Ordered Pairs 82<br/>Determining Relations in Research 85<br/>Rules of Correspondence and Mapping 87<br/>Some Ways to Study Relations 88<br/>Graphs 88<br/>Tables 88<br/>Graphs and Correlation 92<br/>Research Examples 95<br/>iMultivariate Relations and Regression 98<br/>Some Logic of Maltivariate Inquiry 98<br/>Multiple Relations and Regression 100<br/>Chapter Summary 101<br/>Study Suggestions 101<br/>Chapter 6 Variance and Covariance<br/>Calculation of Means and Variances 104<br/>Kinds of Variance 106<br/>Population and Saittple Variances 106<br/>Systematic Variance 107<br/>Between-Gronps (Experimental) Variance 107<br/>Error Variance 110<br/>An Example of Syste?natic and Error Variance 111<br/>A Snbtractive Danonstration: Removing Benveen-Gronps Variance from Total<br/>I irriance 114<br/>A Recap of Removing Between-Group \'ariance from Total Variance 117<br/>Components ofViriance 1 18<br/>Covariance 119<br/>The Computer Addendum 12 2<br/>Chapter Summaiy 128<br/>fitudy Suggestions 129<br/>Part Three Probability, Randomness, and Sampling<br/>Chapter 7 Probability<br/>Definition of Probabilit}' 134<br/>Sample Space, Sample Points, and Events 135<br/>Determining Probabilities witli Coins 138<br/>An Experiment with Dice 139<br/>Some Formal Theoiy 141<br/>Compound Events and Their Probabilities 143<br/>Independence, Adutual Exclusivcness, and Exhaustiveness 145<br/>Conditional Probability' 150<br/>Definition of Conditional Probability 150<br/>An Academic Example 15 2<br/>BayeP Theorem: Revising Probabilities 155<br/>Example 156<br/>Chapter Summaiy 158<br/>Study Suggestions 159<br/>Chapter 8 Sampling and Randomness<br/>Sampling, Random Sampling, and Representativeness 164<br/>Randomness 167<br/>An Example of Random Sampling 167<br/>Randomization 169<br/>A Senatorial Randomization Demonstration 171<br/>Sample Size 175<br/>Kinds of Samples 17 8<br/>Sotne Books on Sampling 182<br/>Chapter Summaiy 183<br/>Study Suggestions 183<br/>Computer Program Listing to Generate Table S.2 186<br/>Part Four Analysis, Interpretation, Statistics, and Inference<br/>Chapter 9 Principles of Analysis and Interpretation<br/>Frequencies and Continuous 193<br/>Rules of Categorization 194<br/>Kjnds of Statistical /Vnalysis 198<br/>Erequency Distributions 199<br/>Graphs and Graphing 200<br/>Measures of Central Tendency and Variability 202<br/>Measures of Relations 203<br/>Analysis of Differences 204<br/>Analysis of Variance and Related Methods 205<br/>Profile Analysis 207<br/>Multivariate A nalysis 208<br/>Indices 211<br/>Social Indicators 213<br/>The Interpretation of Research Data 214<br/>Aclcff/ituy ofRfsamh Design, .1 Ictlwtlolo^', Mcdsiircmcut, uml Annlysis 215<br/>mid Uuoncliisivc Results 216<br/>Uiihypnthcsizi'd Rc/iifioiis mid l^iuiuth'ipiitcd hindiums 216<br/>Prunf\ Pivhiihilit}', mid hiterprctiition 2 IS<br/>Chapter Summary 21<br/>Study Suggestions 219<br/>Chapter 10 The Analysis of Frequencies<br/>Data and V^triahle Terminology 223<br/>Crosstabs: Definitions and Purpose 224<br/>Simple Crosstabs and Rules for Crosstab Construction 225<br/>Calculation of Percentages 227<br/>Statistical Significance and the x" Ibst 229<br/>Levels of Statistical Significance 232<br/>Types of Crosstabs and lables 236<br/>Onc-Diniciisioiuil Tubii's 2 36<br/>Tivo-Dhncnsiuiuil T/ddcs 237<br/>Tu'o-Dm/ciisiomil Tiddcs, ''True" Diehotomies, mid Contimioiis Mensures<br/>Three- mid k-Diviensioiui! Tables 240<br/>Specification 241<br/>Crosstabulations, Relations, and Ordered Pairs 243<br/>The Odds Ratio 246<br/>Miiltivariate Analysis of Frequency Data 247<br/>Computer Addendum 248<br/>Chapter Summary 253<br/>Study Suggestions 254<br/>Chapter I I Statistics; Purpose, Approach, Method<br/>The Basic Approach 257<br/>Definition and Purpose of Statistics 258<br/>Binomial Statistics 260<br/>The \^iriance 262<br/>The Law of Large Numbers 264<br/>The Normal Probabilit>' Cuiwe and the Standard Deviation 265<br/>Interpretation of Data Using the Normal Probabiliti' Cuiwe-Frequency Data 268<br/>Interpretation of Data Using the Normal Prohabiliti' Curve-Continuous 1 )ata 269<br/>Chapter Summary 272<br/>Study Suggestions 273<br/>Chapter 12 Testing Hypotheses and the Standard Error 275<br/>Examples: Differences Between Means 276<br/>Absolute and Relative Differences 277<br/>Correlation Coefficients 278<br/>Hypothesis Testing; Substantive and Null Hypotheses 279<br/>The General Nature of a Standard Error 282<br/>A Monte Carlo Demonstration 283<br/>The Pi'ocedurc 283<br/>Gcvcralizatiovs 285<br/>The Central Limit Theorem 286<br/>The Standard Error of the Differences betxveen Means 287<br/>Statistical Inference 290<br/>Testing Hypotheses and the Two Types of Errors 291<br/>The Five Steps of Hypothesis Testing 295<br/>Sample Size Determination 295<br/>Example 297<br/>Chapter Summary 299<br/>Study Suggestions 300<br/>Part Five Analysis of Variance<br/>Chapter 1 3 Analysis of Variance: Foundations<br/>Variance Breakdown: A Simple Example 308<br/>The t-Ratio Approach 312<br/>The Analysis of Variance Approach 313<br/>An Example of a Statistically Significant Difference 315<br/>Calculation of One-Way Analysis of Variance 317<br/>A Research Example 321<br/>Strength of Relations: Correlation and the Analysis of Variance 322<br/>Broadening the Structure: Post Hoc Tests and Planned Comparisons 327<br/>Post Hoc Tests 328<br/>Planned Comparisons 328<br/>Computer Addendum 331<br/>t-Ratio or t-Test on SPSS 3 31<br/>One-lVay ANOVA on SPSS 336<br/>Addendum 340<br/>Chapter Summary 340<br/>Suidy Suggestions 341<br/>Chapter 14 Factorial Analysis of Variance<br/>Two Research Examples 346<br/>The Nature of Factorial Analysis of Variance 350<br/>The Meaning of Interaction 352<br/>A Simple Fictitious Example 352<br/>Interaction: An Example 359<br/>Kinds of Interaction 362<br/>Notes of Caution 365<br/>Interaction and Interpretation 367<br/>Factorial Analysis of\tiriance with Three or xMore Variables 368<br/>Advantages and Virtues of Factorial Design and Analysis of\ariance 371<br/>Factorial Analysis of Variance: Control 372<br/>Research Examples 374<br/>Race, Sex, ami College Admissions 374<br/>The Effect of Gemler, Type of Rape, ami Iiifonmitioii on Perception 375<br/>Student Essays and Teacher Evalnation 376<br/>Computer Addendum 377<br/>Chapter Summart' 384<br/>Study Suggestions 385<br/>Chapter 1 5 Analysis of Variance: Correlated Groups<br/>Definition of the Problem 388<br/>A Fictitious Example 389<br/>An Explanatory Digirssion 390<br/>Reexamination oj Table 15.2 Data 393<br/>Further Considerations 394<br/>Extracting Variances by Subtraction 397<br/>Removal of Systetnatic Sources of Variance 398<br/>Additional Correlated Analysis of Variance Designs 400<br/>Research Examples 403<br/>Ironic Effects of Trying to Relax Under Stress 403<br/>Learning Sets of Isopods 403<br/>Business: Bidding Behavior 405<br/>Cotnputer Addendum 406<br/>Chapter Summar)' 409<br/>Study Suggestions 409<br/>Chapter 16 Nonparametric Analysis of Variance and Related Statistics<br/>Parametric and Nonparametric Statistics 414<br/>Assumption of Normality 415<br/>Homogeneity of Variance 416<br/>Continuity and Equal Intervals ofMeasures 416<br/>Independence oj Observations 417<br/>Nonparametric Analysis of Viiriance 418<br/>One-Way Analysis of Variance: The Kruskal-Wallis Test 418<br/>Two-Way Analysis of Variance: The Friedman Test 420<br/>The Coefficient of Concordance, IV 42 3<br/>Properties of Nonparametric Methods 424<br/>Computer Addendum 425<br/>The Kruskal-l'Vallis Test on SPSS 425<br/>The Friedtnan Test on SPSS 430<br/>Chapter Summary 431<br/>Study Suggestions 431<br/>I<br/>Part Six Designs of Research<br/>Chapter 1 7 Ethical Considerations in Conducting Behavioral Science Research<br/>Fiction and Realit)' 437<br/>A 439<br/>So7//e General GnideUucs 442<br/>G/iidelincsfiwn the American Psy'choiogical Association 443<br/>General Considerations 443<br/>The Paiticipant at Minimal Risk 443<br/>Fairness, Responsibility, and bifoimicd Consent 444<br/>Deception 444<br/>Debriefing 444<br/>Freedom fro7n Coeirion 445<br/>Protection of Paiticipants 445<br/>Confidentiality' 445<br/>Ethics of Annual Research 446<br/>Chapter Sunimar\^ 447<br/>Study Suggestions 448<br/>Chapter 18 Research Design: Purpose and Principles<br/>Purposes of Research Design 450<br/>An Exa7nple 451<br/>A Stronger Design 452<br/>Research Designs as Variance Control 455<br/>A Controversial Exn7nple 456<br/>Maximization of Experimental Variance 459<br/>Control of Extraneous Variables 460<br/>Minimization of Error Variance 462<br/>Chapter Summar)' 463<br/>Study Suggestions 464<br/>Chapter 19 Inadequate Designs and Design Criteria<br/>Experimental and Nonexperimental Approaches 466<br/>Symbolism and Definitions 467<br/>Faulty Designs 468<br/>Measnre/nent, Histoiy, Matin-ation 470<br/>The Regression Eff ect 470<br/>Criteria of Research Design 472<br/>Answei' Reseaixh Questions? 472<br/>Control of Extraneous Independent Variables 47 3<br/>Generalizability 474<br/>Internal and External I dlidity 475<br/>Chapter Summar)- 478<br/>Study Suggestions 479<br/>Chapter 10 General Designs of Research<br/>Conceptual Foundations of Research Design 482<br/>A Preliniinaiy Note: Fxperinienial Designs and Analysis of Wiriance 484<br/>The Designs 485<br/>The Notion of the Control Group ninl Extensions ofDesip;n 20.1 486<br/>Matching versus Randomization 48'^<br/>d latching hy Ecjiiating Participants 4'X)<br/>The Fre/jueniy Disirilmtion Matching Method 491<br/>\latching by Holding I ariahles Constant 492<br/>Matching by Incorporating the Nuisance I ariable Into the Research Design<br/>Participant as Oven (Control 493<br/>Additional Design F.xtensions: Design 20.3 Using a Pretest 493<br/>Difference Scores 495<br/>Chapter Suniinar)- 499<br/>Study Suggestions 500<br/>Chapter 21 Research Design Applications: Randomized Groups and<br/>Correlated Groups<br/>Simple Randomized Subjects Design 502<br/>A Research Example 502<br/>DoUnski and Natvrat: Eear-then-Relief and Compliance 502<br/>Factorial Designs 504<br/>Factorial Designs with More than Two I driab/es 505<br/>Research Examples of Factorial Designs 505<br/>Sigall and Ostrove: . Ittractiveness and Crime 506<br/>Quilici and Mayer: Examples. Schema and Learning 506<br/>Evan/pie I 507<br/>Example 2 507<br/>E.xai//ple 3 507<br/>Example 4 507<br/>Hoyt: Teacher Knowledge ai/d Pupil Achievement 508<br/>Evaluation of Randomized Subjects Designs 510<br/>Correlated Groups 511<br/>The General Pa/-adig/n 512<br/>U//its 513<br/>One Group Repeated Trials Design 513<br/>Two g/'oups, Expern/zental Group-Control Group Designs 514<br/>Research Examples of Ciorrelated Group Designs 515<br/>Miller and DiCa/ ii: Learni//g of. luto//o///ic Functions 516<br/>Tipper, EEsenbe/g, and IVeaver: Effects ofP/'actice on Selective Attention 518<br/>Multigroup Correlated Groups Designs 519<br/>Units Variance 519<br/>Factorial Correlated Ciroups 520<br/>Suedfeld and Rank: Revolutiontiry Leaders and Conceptual Con/plexity 521<br/>PeiTine, Lisle, and Tucker: Offer of Help and Willingness to Seek Support 522<br/>.\naly.sis oFCovariance 523<br/>Clark and Wafhcrg: Massive Rcinfoirc/ncnt and Reading Achievanent 524<br/>Research Design and Analysis: Concluding Remarks 525<br/>Computer Addendum 526<br/>Chapter Summary 528<br/>Study Suggestions 529<br/>Part Seven Types of Research<br/>Chapter 11 Quasi-Experimental and N = 1 Designs of Research<br/>Compromise Designs a.k.a. Quasi Experimental Designs 536<br/>Nonefjitivalent Control Group Design 536<br/>No-Treannent Control Group Design 537<br/>Research Examples 543<br/>Nelson, Hall, and Walsh-Bowers: Noneqiiivalent Control Group Design 543<br/>Chapman and McCauley: Quasi-Kxperiment 543<br/>Time Designs 5-44<br/>Multiple Time Series Design 546<br/>Single Subject Experimental Designs 546<br/>Some Advantages of Doing Single-Subject Studies 548<br/>Some Disadvantages of Using Single-Subject Designs 549<br/>Some Single-Subject Research Paradigms 550<br/>The Stable Baseline: An Important Goal 550<br/>Designs that Use the Withdrawal of Treatment 550<br/>The A BA Design 5 5 0<br/>Repeating Treatments (ABAB Designs) 551<br/>A Research Example 552<br/>Powell and Nelson: Example ofan A BAB Design 552<br/>Using iV IIIIt ipie Baselines 553<br/>Chapter Summary 554<br/>Studv Suggestions 555<br/>Chapter 23 Nonexperimental Research<br/>Definition 558<br/>Basic Difference Between Experimental and Nonexperimental Research 558<br/>Self-Selection and Nonexperimental Research 560<br/>Large-Scale Nonexperimental Research 561<br/>Determinants of School Achievement 5 62<br/>Response Style Diff erences betiveen East Asian and North American Students<br/>Smaller Scale Nonexperimental Research 564<br/>Cochran and Mays: Sex, Lies, and HIU 564<br/>Elbert: Impaired Reading and Written Language in Attention Deficit Children 5<br/>Testing Alternative Hypotheses 566<br/>Evaluation of Nonexperimental Research 568<br/>The Limitations of Nonexperimental Interpretation 568<br/>The I alue of Nonexperimental Research 569<br/>Conclusions 570<br/>Chapter Summary 571<br/>Study Suggestions 571<br/>Chapter 24 Laboratory Experiments, Field Experiments, and Field Studies 575<br/>A Laboratort' Experiment: Miller Studies of the Learning of Visceral Responses 576<br/>A Field Experiment: Rind and Bordias Study on the Effects of a Seifer's<br/>"Thank You" and Personalization on Restaurant Tipping 577<br/>.d Field Study: SetvcoiuFs Benuiugton College Study 578<br/>Churueteristicx uud Criteriu of Luhomtory Experimeuts, Field Kxperiiinoits,<br/>uud Field Studies 579<br/>Strengths uud Weaknesses of Luhorutoiy Experiments 579<br/>Purposes of the Laboratory Experiment 581<br/>The Field Experiment 581<br/>Strengths and Weaknesses of Field Studies 5 82<br/>Field Studies 585<br/>Types of Field Studies 586<br/>Strengths and Weaknesses of Field Studies 586<br/>Qualitative Research 588<br/>Addendum 593<br/>The Holistic Experimental Paradigm 593<br/>Chapter Summaiy 595<br/>Study Suggestions 596<br/>Chapter 25 Survey Research<br/>Types (jf Surveys 601<br/>Interviews and Schedules 601<br/>Other Types of Survey Research 603<br/>The iVIethodology of Sun ey Research 604<br/>Checking Survey Data 607<br/>Three Studies 608<br/>Verha and Nie: Political Participation in America 608<br/>Doctcr and Prince: A Suit'ey of Male Cross-Dressers 609<br/>Sue, Fujino, Hu, Takeuchi, and Zane: Community Health Services<br/>for Ethnic Minorities 610<br/>Applications of Sur\ey Research to Education 611<br/>Advantages and Disadvantages of Surx'ey Research 613<br/>Meta-A na lysis 614<br/>Chapter Summary 618<br/>Study Suggestions 619<br/>Part Eight Measurement 621<br/>Chapter 26 Foundations of Measurement 623<br/>Definition of Measurement 625<br/>Measurement and "Reality" Isomorphism 627<br/>Properties, Constructs, and Indicants of Objects 629<br/>Levels of Measurement and Scaling 630<br/>Classification and Emmieration 631<br/>Nominal Measurement 632<br/>Ordinal Measurement 632<br/>Interval Measurement (Scales) 634<br/>Ratio Measurement (Scales) 635<br/>Comparisons of Scales: Practical Considerations and Statistics 635<br/>Chapter Summar)' 638<br/>Study Suggestions 639<br/>Chapter 17 Reliability<br/>Definitions of Reliability 642<br/>Theory of Reliability 645<br/>Two Coynputational Examples 648<br/>The Interpretation of the Reliabilit)' Coeficient 652<br/>The Stanadard Error of the Mean and the Standard Error of Measurement<br/>The Improvement of Reliability 659<br/>The Value of Reliabilit)' 662<br/>Chapter Summar)' 663<br/>Study Suggestions 664<br/>Chapter 18 Validity<br/>Types of Validity 666<br/>Content Validity and Content Validation 667<br/>Criterion-Related Validity and Validation 668<br/>Decision Aspects of Validity 669<br/>Multiple Predictors and Criteria 670<br/>Construct Validity and Construct Validation 670<br/>Convergence and Dism?ninal>ility 671<br/>A Hypothetical Example of Construct Validation 672<br/>The Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix Method 674<br/>Research Examples of Concuirent Validation 676<br/>Research Exa?nples of Construct Validation 676<br/>A Measure ofAnti-Seinitistn 677<br/>A Measure of Personality 677<br/>The Measurement of Democracy 67 8<br/>Other Methods of Construct Validation 679<br/>A Variance Definition of Validity: The Variance Relation of Reliability<br/>and Validity 680<br/>Statistical Relation between Reliability and Validity 684<br/>The Validity and Reliability of Psychological and Eduational Measurement<br/>Instruments 685<br/>Chapter Summary 685<br/>Study Suggestions 686<br/>Part Nine Methods of Observation and Data Collection<br/>Chapter 29 Interviews and Interview Schedules<br/>Inter\'iews and Schedules as Tools of Science 693<br/>The Ivterciev) 693<br/>The Inten'iew Schedule 694<br/>Khnh of Schedule Infoniiutioii and Items 694<br/>Fixed-Alternative lte7ns 695<br/>Example 695<br/>Open-Ended Items 695<br/>Example 696<br/>Scale Items 696<br/>Criteria of Question-Writing 697<br/>The Value of Interviews and Inter\'iew Schedules 699<br/>The Focus Group and Group Intei-viewing: Another Interviewing Method 700<br/>Some Examples of Focus Group Research 701<br/>Chapter Summary 702<br/>Study Suggestions 703<br/>Classical Works 703<br/>Moi'e Recent Woi'ks 703<br/>"Nonnar Studies 704<br/>Chapter 30 Objective Tests and Scales<br/>Objectivity and Objective Methods of Obsen'ation 708<br/>Tests and Scales: Definitions 709<br/>Types of Objective Measures 7 09<br/>Intelligence and Aptitude Tests 709<br/>Achievement Tests 710<br/>Personality Measures 711<br/>Attitude Scales 112<br/>Value Scales 715<br/>Types of Objective Scales and Items 716<br/>Examples 716<br/>Agi-eenient-Disagreettient Items 717<br/>Rajtk Order Items and Scales 118<br/>Forced-Choice Items and Scales 719<br/>Ipsative and Normative Measures 721<br/>Choice and Construction of Objective Measures 723<br/>Chapter Summary 724<br/>Study Suggestions 725<br/>Chapter 3 1 Observations of Behavior and Sociometry ..<br/>Problems in Observing Behavior 728<br/>The Observer 728<br/>Validity and Reliability 729<br/>Categories 731<br/>Units of Behavior 731<br/>Cooperative/less 732<br/>Observer Inference 732<br/>Generality or Applicability 733<br/>Sampling of Behavior 734<br/>Rating Scales 736<br/>Types of Rating Scales 737<br/>Examples 737<br/>M'^eaknesses of Rating Scales 738<br/>Examples of Observation Systems 739<br/>Time Sampling of Play Behavior of Plearing-lmpaired Children 739<br/>Observation and Evaluation of College Teaching 740<br/>Assessment of Behavioral Obsen'ation 741<br/>Sociometry 742<br/>Socio'/netiy and Sociometric Choice 742<br/>Example 742<br/>Exainple 743<br/>Methods of Sociometric A nalysis 743<br/>Sociometric Matrices 743<br/>Sociogratns or Directed Graphs 745<br/>Socioinetric Indices 746<br/>Research Uses of Sociometiy 747<br/>Prejudice in Schools 748<br/>Socmnetiy and Stereotypes 748<br/>Sociometiy and Social Status 748<br/>Race, Belief, and Sociometric Choice 748<br/>Chapter Summary 749<br/>Study Suggestions 751<br/>Part Ten Multivariate Approaches 753<br/>Chapter 32 Multiple Regression Analysis; Foundations<br/>Three Research Examples 755<br/>Simple Regression /Vnalysis 757<br/>Multiple Linear Regression 761<br/>An Example 761<br/>The Multiple Correlation Coefficient 768<br/>Tests of Statistical Significance 771<br/>Significance Tests of Individual Regression Weights 773<br/>Interpretation ofMultiple Regression Statistics 773<br/>Statistical Significance of the Regression and R- 773<br/>Relative Contributions to Y of the Xs 774<br/>Other Analnic and Interpretative Problems 777<br/>Research Examples 780<br/>DDT and Bald Eagles 780<br/>bijldtion Bias in Sclf-Asscswtcnt ILxiiniinations 781<br/>M/i/tipk Rcgrcsm/i Analysis and Scientific Research 782<br/>Chapter Summar\- 783<br/>Study Suggestions 784<br/>Chapter 33 Multiple Regression, Analysis of Variance,<br/>and Other Multivariate Methods 787<br/>One-Way Analysis of \'ariance and Multiple Regression Analysis 788<br/>Coding and Data Analysis 792<br/>Factorial Analyis of Variance, Analysis of Covariance, and Related Analyses 795<br/>Analysis of Covariance 796<br/>Discriminant Analysis, Canonical Correlation, Multivariate Analysis of Variance, and<br/>Path Analysis 799<br/>Disaiminant Analysis 799<br/>Canonical Correlation 800<br/>Research Examples 802<br/>Multivariate Analysis of I hriance 802<br/>Path Analysis 803<br/>Ridge Regression, Logistic Regression, and Log-linear Analysis 805<br/>Ridge Regression 805<br/>The Problem uith Ordinaiy-Least-Sqnares (OLS) 806<br/>Research Example 808<br/>Logistic Regression 808<br/>A Research Example 810<br/>Mnltrway Contingency Tables and Log-Linear Analysis 811<br/>Research Example 816<br/>Multivariate Analysis and Behavioral Research 817<br/>Chapter Summary 818<br/>Study Suggestions 820<br/>Chapter 34 Factor Analysis 825<br/>Foundations 826<br/>A Brief Histoiy 826<br/>A Hypothetical Example 827<br/>Factor Matrices and Factor Loadings 829<br/>Some Factor Theoiy 831<br/>Graphical Representation of Factors and Factor Loadings 833<br/>Extraction and Rotation of Factors, Factor Scores, and Second-Order<br/>Factor Analysis 834<br/>The Comminiality and Number of Factors Problems 83 5<br/>The Principal Factor Method 836<br/>Rotation and Simple Structure 839<br/>Second-Order Factor Analysis 844<br/>Factor Scores 845<br/>Research Examples 846<br/>The Comrcy Personality Scales 846<br/>Thnrstone Factorial Study oj Intelligence 847<br/>Fluid and Ciystallized Intelligence 847<br/>Confinnatoiy Factor Analysis 849<br/>Research Kvantple Using Confinnatoty Factor Analysis 851<br/>Factor Analysis and Scientific Research 854<br/>Chapter Summary 857<br/>Study Suggestions 858<br/>Chapter 35 Analysis of Covariance Structures<br/>Covariance Structures, Latent "V^iriables, and Testing Theory 864<br/>Testing Alternative Factor Hypotheses: Duality Versus Bipolarit}'<br/>of Social Attitudes 868<br/>Latent Variable Influences; The F"ull Eqs System 876<br/>Setting Up the EQS Structure 878<br/>Research Studies 880<br/>Verba and Nie: Political Participation in America 881<br/>Brecht, Dracup, Moser, and Riegel: Relationship of Marital Quality<br/>and Psychosocial Adjustment 882<br/>Conclusions—and Reservations 884<br/>Chapter Summary 887<br/>Study Suggestions 888 |