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I. Introduction --<br/>Overview --<br/>I.A. Measuring development --<br/>Note I.A.1. The evolution of measures of development --<br/>Selection I.A.1. Why are services cheaper in the poor countries? --<br/>Comment I.A.1. The productivity and factor proportions explanations again --<br/>Selection I.A.2. Income poverty --<br/>Comment I.A.2. Capabilities and entitlements --<br/>Note I.A.2. Other important differences between developed and less developed countries --<br/>I.B. Economic performance of less developed countries : the recent past --<br/>Selection I.B.1. The lost decades : developing countries' stagnation in spite of policy reform 1980-1998 --<br/>Note I.B.1. No easy answers, yet all is not lost --<br/>Selection I.B.2. How reform worked in China --<br/>Selection I.B.3. India since independence --<br/>Selection I.B.4. The impact of the economic reforms in Latin America and the Caribbean --<br/>Selection I.B.5. Why has Africa grown slowly? --<br/>I.C. The discipline of development economics --<br/>Note I.C.1. Evolution of development economics --<br/>Comment I.C.1. Classical growth theory --<br/>Comment I.C.2. Development economics as a special subject --<br/>Note I.C.2. New endogenous growth theory. II. Historical perspective --<br/>Overview : the division of the world --<br/>Selection II. 1. The spread of economic growth to the Third World :1850-1980 --<br/>Comment II. 1. State-owned enterprises and privatization --<br/>Selection II. 2. The division of the world and the factoral terms of trade --<br/>Note II. 1. Why not export first? --<br/>Note II. 2. The Lewis model of the world economy --<br/>Selection II. 3. Agricultural productivity, comparative advantage, and economic growth --<br/>Comment II. 2. Income elasticity of demand for food in the Matsuyama model --<br/>Selection II. 4. Income distribution, market size, and industrialization --<br/>Comment II. 3. Minimum market size in the Murphy-Shleifer-Vishny model --<br/>Selection II. 5. Factor endowments, inequality, and paths of development among new world economies --<br/>Selection II. 6. Divergence, big time --<br/>Comment II. 4. Will the poor countries catch up? III. International trade and technology transfer --<br/>Overview --<br/>III. A. Trade --<br/>Note III. A.1. Natural resource abundance, international trade, and economic growth --<br/>Note III. A.2. Import-substituting industrialization and the infant-industry argument --<br/>Selection III. A.1. Typology in development theory : retrospective and prospects --<br/>Selection III. A.2. An exposition and exploration of Krueger's trade model --<br/>Comment III. A.1. Moving up the ladder and changes in relative costs of factors of production --<br/>Selection III. A.3. The process of industrial development and alternative development strategies --<br/>Selection III. A.4. Getting interventions right : how South Korea and Taiwan grew rich --<br/>Note III. A.3. Tradeability of intermediate goods, linkages, and bottlenecks --<br/>III. B. Foreign contact and technology transfer --<br/>Note III. B.1. Learning in international production networks --<br/>Selection III. B.1. Technology gaps between industrial and developing countries : are there dividends for latecomers? --<br/>Selection III. B.2. The potential benefits of FDI for less developed countries --<br/>Note III. B.2. Trade as enemy, handmaiden, and engine of growth. IV. Human resources --<br/>Overview --<br/>IV. A. Education --<br/>Note IV. A.1. Three views of the contribution of education to economic growth --<br/>Selection IV. A.1. Economic impact of education --<br/>Comment IV. A.1. Updated estimates of returns to investment in education --<br/>Comment IV. A.2. Ability differences, spillovers, and the returns to investment in education --<br/>Selection IV. A.2. Creating human capital --<br/>Selection IV. A.3. Schooling and labor market consequences of school construction in Indonesia --<br/>Selection IV. A.4. Interpreting recent research on schooling in developing countries --<br/>Selection IV. A.5. School inputs and educational outcomes in South Africa --<br/>IV. B. Health --<br/>Selection IV. B.1. Pharmaceuticals and the developing world --<br/>Selection IV. B.2. Identifying impacts of intestinal worms on health in the presence of treatment externalities --<br/>Selection IV. B.3. Confronting AIDS --<br/>IV. C. Population --<br/>Note IV. C.1. The size of the world's population and the size of the average family --<br/>Selection IV. C.1. Economic approaches to population growth --<br/>Selection IV. C.2. Demographic trends in sub-Saharan Africa --<br/>Comment IV. C.1. The "demographic dividend" --<br/>IV. D. Gender and development --<br/>Selection IV. D.1. Gender inequality at the start of the 21st century --<br/>Selection IV. D.2. Missing women --<br/>Selection IV. D.3. Women as policy makers. V. Investment and finance --<br/>Overview : investment and finance : the engines of growth? --<br/>Note V.1. The AK model --<br/>Selection V.1. Is fixed investment the key to economic growth? --<br/>Selection V.2. Financial development and economic growth --<br/>Selection V.3. Taming international capital flows --<br/>Selection V.4. Can foreign aid buy growth? --<br/>Selection V.5. The microfinance promise. VI. Urbanization and the informal sector --<br/>Overview --<br/>VI. A. Urban growth and infrastructure --<br/>Selection VI. A.1. Urban growth in developing countries : a demographic reappraisal --<br/>Selection VI. A.2. Urban primacy, external costs, and quality of life --<br/>Selection VI. A.3. The impact of the privatization of water services on child mortality in Argentina --<br/>VI. B. Rural-urban migration and the informal sector --<br/>Selection VI. B.1. Economic development with unlimited supplies of labor --<br/>Selection VI. B.2. A model of labor migration and urban unemployment in less developed countries --<br/>Note VI. B.1. The Lewis versus the Harris-Todaro view of underemployment in less developed countries --<br/>Selection VI. B.3. Wage spillover and unemployment in a wage-gap economy : the Jamaican case --<br/>Note VI. B.2. Econometric studies of migration --<br/>Selection VI. B.4. Labour market modelling and the urban informal sector : theory and evidence --<br/>Selection VI. B.5. The role of the informal sector in the migration process : a test of probabilistic migration models and labour market segmentation for India. VII. Agriculture --<br/>Overview --<br/>VII. A. Designing an agricultural strategy --<br/>Selection VII. A.1. Agriculture, climate, and technology : why are the Tropics falling behind? --<br/>Note VII. A.1. Food, hunger, famine --<br/>Selection VII. A.2. Agricultural development strategies --<br/>Note VII. A.2. Induced technical and institutional change --<br/>Comment VII. A.1. The green revolution --<br/>Selection VII. A.3. Some theoretical aspects of agricultural policies --<br/>Selection VII. A.4. Rural infrastructure --<br/>Selection VII. A.5. Prospects and strategies for land reform --<br/>VII. B. Microeconomics of the rural sector --<br/>Selection VII. B.1. The new development economics --<br/>Selection VII. B.2. Contractual arrangements, employment, and wages in rural labor markets : a critical review --<br/>Selection VII. B.3. The new institutional economics and development theory --<br/>Selection VII. B.4. Rural credit markets and institutions in developing countries : lessons fro policy analysis from practice and modern theory --<br/>Selection VII. B.5. A survey of agricultural household models : recent findings and policy implications --<br/>Comment VII. B.1. Supply functions and price responsiveness. VIII. Income distribution --<br/>Overview --<br/>Note VIII. 1. Measurement of income inequality --<br/>VIII. A. The impact of development on income distribution --<br/>Selection VIII. A.1. Economic growth and income inequality --<br/>Selection VIII. A.2. A note on the U hypothesis relating income inequality and economic development --<br/>Selection VIII. A.3. Economic development, urban underemployment, and income inequality --<br/>Comment VIII. A.1. The informal sector, intraurban inequality, and the inverted U --<br/>Selection VIII. A.4. Explaining inequality the world round : cohort size, Kuznets curves, and openness --<br/>Comment VIII. A.2. Evidence for the inverted U across countries versus within countries over time --<br/>VIII. B. The impact of income distribution on development --<br/>Selection VIII. B.1. The middle class consensus and economic development --<br/>Selection VIII. B.2. Income distribution, political instability, and investment --<br/>VIII. C. Case studies --<br/>Selection VIII. C.1. Rising inequality in China, 1981-1995 --<br/>Selection VIII. C.2. Falling inequality in rural Indonesia, 1978-1993. IX. Political economy --<br/>Overview --<br/>IX. A. The (proper) role of the state in less developed countries --<br/>Selection IX. A.1 Public policy and the economics of development --<br/>Comment IX. A.1. Development planning --<br/>Comment IX. A.2. Governing the market --<br/>IX. B. Rent seeking and government failure --<br/>Note IX. B.1. What are rents? --<br/>Selection IX. B.1. The political economy of the rent-seeking society --<br/>Comment IX. B.1. Complete rent dissipation through competitive rent seeking in the Harris-Todaro model --<br/>Comment IX. B.2. The relationship between rent seeking and corruption --<br/>Selection IX. B.2. The regulation of entry --<br/>Selection IX. B.3. Africa's growth tragedy : policies and ethnic divisions --<br/>IX. C. State capacity --<br/>Selection IX. C.1. Institutions and economic performance : cross-country tests using alternative institutional measures --<br/>Selection IX. C.2. The state as problem and solution : predation, embedded autonomy, and structural change --<br/>Selection IX. C.3. Taking trade policy seriously : export subsidization as a case study in policy effectiveness --<br/>Selection IX. C.4. Bureaucratic structure and bureaucratic performance in less developed countries. X. Development and the environment --<br/>Overview : environmental problems in less versus more developed countries --<br/>Selection X.1. Development and the environment --<br/>Comment X.1. The "environmental Kuznets curve" --<br/>Selection X.2. North-South trade and the global environment --<br/>Comment X.2. Empirical studies of the impact of international trade on the environment in less developed countries --<br/>Selection X.3. Deforestation and the rule of law in a cross section of countries --<br/>Selection X.4. Determinants of pollution abatement in developing countries : evidence from South and Southeast Asia --<br/>Selection X.5. Genuine savings rates in developing countries --<br/>Appendix. How to read a regression table |
