Designing and conducting mixed methods research /
Creswell, John W.
Designing and conducting mixed methods research / John W. Creswell and Vicki L. Plano Clark. - Thousand Oaks, Calif. : SAGE Publications, c2007. - xviii, 275 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 256-265) and index.
Chapter 1. Understanding Mixed Methods Research
Purpose and Organization
Clarifying Terms
What Is Mixed Methods Research?
The Name
Quantitative and Qualitative Data
Mixing the Data
Single or Multiple Studies
The Central Premise of the Definition
Studies That Fit Our Definition
Studies in the Gray Areas
The Importance of Mixed Methods Research
A Brief History
Formative Period
Paradigm Debate Period
Procedural Developments
Recent Indicators ofInterest
Summary
Activities
Additional Resources to Examine
Chapter 2. Examining Preliminary Considerations
Consider Worldview Stances
Different Worldviews or Paradigms
Worldviews and Mixed Methods Research
Stance I: There is one "best"paradigm or worldview
thatfits mixed methods research
Stance 2: Researchers can use multiple paradigms
or worldviews in their mixed methods study
Stance 3: Worldviews relate to the type of mixed methods
design and may vary depending on the type of design
The Basics of Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Research Problems Addressed by Mixed Methods
A Need Exists for Both Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches
A Need Exists to Enhance the Study With a Second Source of Data
A Need Exists to Explain the Quantitative Results
A Need Exists to First Explore Qualitatively
Summary
Activities
ADomoNAL Resources to Examine
Chapter 3. Locating and Reviewing Mixed Methods Studies
Searching for and Reviewing Mixed Methods Studies
Use Search Terms
Are the Studies Mixed Methods Research?
A Mixed Methods Notation System and Visual Diagrams
Four Examples of Mixed Methods Studies
Study A: Collecting Both Quantitative and Qualitative Data
at the Same Time to Understand a Problem (Jenkins, 2001)
Study B: Using Qualitative Data in an Experiment
(Rogers, Day, Randall, & Bentall, 2003)
Study C: Explaining Quantitative Results With
Qualitative Data (Aldridge, Eraser, & Huang, 1999)
Study D: Exploring Qualitatively to Develop a
Quantitative Instrument (Myers & Oetzel, 2003)
Similarities and Differences Among the Sample Studies
Summary
Activities
AoomoNAL Resources to Examine
Chapter 4. Choosing a Mixed Methods Design
Classifications of Mixed Methods Designs
The Four Major T^pss of Mixed McihotlS DCSigfiS
Tlie THangulation Design
Triangulation Design Procedures
Variants of the Triangulation Design
Strengths of the Triangulation Design
Challenges in Using the Triangulation Design
The Embedded Design
Embedded Design Procedures
Variants of the Embedded Design
Strengths of the Embedded Design
Challenges in Using the Embedded Design
The Explanatory Design
Explanatory Design Procedures
Variants of the Explanatory Design
Strengths of the Explanatory Design
Challenges in Using the Explanatory Design
The Exploratory Design
Exploratory Design Procedures
Variants of the Exploratory Design
Strenffhs of the Exploratory Design
Challenges in Using the Exploratory Design
Selecting a Type of Mixed Methods Design
The Timing Decision
The Weighting Decision
The Mixing Decision
Merging Data Sets
Embedding Data at the Design Level
Connecting From Data Analysis to Data Collection
Implementing the Design Decisions
Writing a Paragraph to Identify a Study's Design
Summary
Actmties
Additional Resources to Examine
Chapter 5. Introducing a Mixed Methods Study
Writing a Mixed Methods Title
Qualitative and Quantitative Titles
Mixed Methods Titles
Stating the Problem in the Introduction
Structure of a "Statement of the Problem" Section
Integrate Mixed Methods Into the Statement of the Problem
The Purpose Statement
Qualitative and Quantitative Purpose Statements
Mixed Methods Purpose Statements
Research Questions and Hypotheses
Qualitative Questions and Quantitative Questions and Hypotheses
Mixed Methods Research Questions
Summary
AcTivmES
Additional Resources to Examine
Chapter 6. Collecting Data in Mixed Methods Research
Procedures in Qualitative and Quantitative Data Collection
Sampling Procedures
Permissions Needed
Information to Be Collected
Recording the Data
Administering the Data Collection
Data Collection in Mixed Methods Designs
Concurrent Data Collection Issues
Participant Selection
The Sample Size Question
When Contradictory Results Occur
Introducing Potential Bias Through Data Collection
Sequential Data Collection Issues
Sampling the Same or Different Individuals
Using the Same or Different Sample Sizes
Selecting Resultsfor the Follow-Up
Designing an Instrument
Chapter 7. Analyzing Data in Mixed Methods Research
Procedures in Quantitative and Qualitative Data Analysis
Preparing the Data for Analysis
Exploring the Data
Analyzing the Data
Representing the Data Analysis
Validating the Data
Data Analysis Within Mixed Methods Designs
Concurrent Data Analysis
Data Transformation
Comparisons Through a Matrix or Discussion
Sequential Data Analysis
When Quantitative Data Are Collected First
When Qualitative Data Are Collected First
Validate the Data Within a Mixed Methods Design
Chapter 8. Writing and Evaluating Mixed Methods Research
General Guidelines for Writing
Organize the Structure of the Writing So That It Relates to the Designs
Structure of a Proposal for a Dissertation or Thesis
Structure of the Project Narrative for a National
Institutes of Health Proposal
Structure of a Mixed Methods Journal Article
Evaluating a Mixed Methods Study Within Designs
Quantitative and Qualitative Standards
Mixed Methods Standards
Chapter 9. Questions Often Raised About Mixed Methods Research
Anticipate Mixed Methods Questions
What Is Mixed Methods Research?
It Is Not Just Qualitative Research
It Is Not Mixed Model Research
It Is Not a Method That Researchers Have Always Used
It Is an Approach That Can Be Learned
PublishedJournal Articles
Methodological Literature
Syntheses of Mixed Methods Studies
It Has a Philosophical or Worldview Foundation
Is Mixed Methods Research Accepted?
Several Factors Have Sparked Interest
If It Is Rigorous, Graduate Faculty Will Support It
Funding Agencies Support Mixed Methods Research
Journals Will Publish It
Acceptance Is Extending to Different Disciplines
and Across Cultures
Is Mixed Methods Research Realistic?
Researchers Need Specific Skills
It Requires Time and Resources
Chapter 10. Future Directions for Mixed Methods Research
Needed Developments in Mixed Methods Research
Mixed Methods Designs and Associated Procedural Issues
Mixed Methods Designs and Different Worldviews
Applications of Mixed Methods Research
Implications and the Value of Using Mixed Methods
1412927919 (cloth) 1412927927 (pbk.) 9781412927918 9781412927925
Social sciences--Research--Methodology.
Research--Evaluation.
001.4/2 / CRE/D
Designing and conducting mixed methods research / John W. Creswell and Vicki L. Plano Clark. - Thousand Oaks, Calif. : SAGE Publications, c2007. - xviii, 275 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 256-265) and index.
Chapter 1. Understanding Mixed Methods Research
Purpose and Organization
Clarifying Terms
What Is Mixed Methods Research?
The Name
Quantitative and Qualitative Data
Mixing the Data
Single or Multiple Studies
The Central Premise of the Definition
Studies That Fit Our Definition
Studies in the Gray Areas
The Importance of Mixed Methods Research
A Brief History
Formative Period
Paradigm Debate Period
Procedural Developments
Recent Indicators ofInterest
Summary
Activities
Additional Resources to Examine
Chapter 2. Examining Preliminary Considerations
Consider Worldview Stances
Different Worldviews or Paradigms
Worldviews and Mixed Methods Research
Stance I: There is one "best"paradigm or worldview
thatfits mixed methods research
Stance 2: Researchers can use multiple paradigms
or worldviews in their mixed methods study
Stance 3: Worldviews relate to the type of mixed methods
design and may vary depending on the type of design
The Basics of Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Research Problems Addressed by Mixed Methods
A Need Exists for Both Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches
A Need Exists to Enhance the Study With a Second Source of Data
A Need Exists to Explain the Quantitative Results
A Need Exists to First Explore Qualitatively
Summary
Activities
ADomoNAL Resources to Examine
Chapter 3. Locating and Reviewing Mixed Methods Studies
Searching for and Reviewing Mixed Methods Studies
Use Search Terms
Are the Studies Mixed Methods Research?
A Mixed Methods Notation System and Visual Diagrams
Four Examples of Mixed Methods Studies
Study A: Collecting Both Quantitative and Qualitative Data
at the Same Time to Understand a Problem (Jenkins, 2001)
Study B: Using Qualitative Data in an Experiment
(Rogers, Day, Randall, & Bentall, 2003)
Study C: Explaining Quantitative Results With
Qualitative Data (Aldridge, Eraser, & Huang, 1999)
Study D: Exploring Qualitatively to Develop a
Quantitative Instrument (Myers & Oetzel, 2003)
Similarities and Differences Among the Sample Studies
Summary
Activities
AoomoNAL Resources to Examine
Chapter 4. Choosing a Mixed Methods Design
Classifications of Mixed Methods Designs
The Four Major T^pss of Mixed McihotlS DCSigfiS
Tlie THangulation Design
Triangulation Design Procedures
Variants of the Triangulation Design
Strengths of the Triangulation Design
Challenges in Using the Triangulation Design
The Embedded Design
Embedded Design Procedures
Variants of the Embedded Design
Strengths of the Embedded Design
Challenges in Using the Embedded Design
The Explanatory Design
Explanatory Design Procedures
Variants of the Explanatory Design
Strengths of the Explanatory Design
Challenges in Using the Explanatory Design
The Exploratory Design
Exploratory Design Procedures
Variants of the Exploratory Design
Strenffhs of the Exploratory Design
Challenges in Using the Exploratory Design
Selecting a Type of Mixed Methods Design
The Timing Decision
The Weighting Decision
The Mixing Decision
Merging Data Sets
Embedding Data at the Design Level
Connecting From Data Analysis to Data Collection
Implementing the Design Decisions
Writing a Paragraph to Identify a Study's Design
Summary
Actmties
Additional Resources to Examine
Chapter 5. Introducing a Mixed Methods Study
Writing a Mixed Methods Title
Qualitative and Quantitative Titles
Mixed Methods Titles
Stating the Problem in the Introduction
Structure of a "Statement of the Problem" Section
Integrate Mixed Methods Into the Statement of the Problem
The Purpose Statement
Qualitative and Quantitative Purpose Statements
Mixed Methods Purpose Statements
Research Questions and Hypotheses
Qualitative Questions and Quantitative Questions and Hypotheses
Mixed Methods Research Questions
Summary
AcTivmES
Additional Resources to Examine
Chapter 6. Collecting Data in Mixed Methods Research
Procedures in Qualitative and Quantitative Data Collection
Sampling Procedures
Permissions Needed
Information to Be Collected
Recording the Data
Administering the Data Collection
Data Collection in Mixed Methods Designs
Concurrent Data Collection Issues
Participant Selection
The Sample Size Question
When Contradictory Results Occur
Introducing Potential Bias Through Data Collection
Sequential Data Collection Issues
Sampling the Same or Different Individuals
Using the Same or Different Sample Sizes
Selecting Resultsfor the Follow-Up
Designing an Instrument
Chapter 7. Analyzing Data in Mixed Methods Research
Procedures in Quantitative and Qualitative Data Analysis
Preparing the Data for Analysis
Exploring the Data
Analyzing the Data
Representing the Data Analysis
Validating the Data
Data Analysis Within Mixed Methods Designs
Concurrent Data Analysis
Data Transformation
Comparisons Through a Matrix or Discussion
Sequential Data Analysis
When Quantitative Data Are Collected First
When Qualitative Data Are Collected First
Validate the Data Within a Mixed Methods Design
Chapter 8. Writing and Evaluating Mixed Methods Research
General Guidelines for Writing
Organize the Structure of the Writing So That It Relates to the Designs
Structure of a Proposal for a Dissertation or Thesis
Structure of the Project Narrative for a National
Institutes of Health Proposal
Structure of a Mixed Methods Journal Article
Evaluating a Mixed Methods Study Within Designs
Quantitative and Qualitative Standards
Mixed Methods Standards
Chapter 9. Questions Often Raised About Mixed Methods Research
Anticipate Mixed Methods Questions
What Is Mixed Methods Research?
It Is Not Just Qualitative Research
It Is Not Mixed Model Research
It Is Not a Method That Researchers Have Always Used
It Is an Approach That Can Be Learned
PublishedJournal Articles
Methodological Literature
Syntheses of Mixed Methods Studies
It Has a Philosophical or Worldview Foundation
Is Mixed Methods Research Accepted?
Several Factors Have Sparked Interest
If It Is Rigorous, Graduate Faculty Will Support It
Funding Agencies Support Mixed Methods Research
Journals Will Publish It
Acceptance Is Extending to Different Disciplines
and Across Cultures
Is Mixed Methods Research Realistic?
Researchers Need Specific Skills
It Requires Time and Resources
Chapter 10. Future Directions for Mixed Methods Research
Needed Developments in Mixed Methods Research
Mixed Methods Designs and Associated Procedural Issues
Mixed Methods Designs and Different Worldviews
Applications of Mixed Methods Research
Implications and the Value of Using Mixed Methods
1412927919 (cloth) 1412927927 (pbk.) 9781412927918 9781412927925
Social sciences--Research--Methodology.
Research--Evaluation.
001.4/2 / CRE/D