Earthquake thermodynamics and phase transformations in the earth's interior/
Earthquake thermodynamics and phase transformations in the earth's interior/
edited by Roman Teisseyre, Eugeniusz Majewski.
- New York; Academic Press, 2001.
- xxii, 674 p.
Contributors
Preface
Introduction
PART I THERMODYNAMICS AND PHASE
TRANSFORMATIONS IN THEEARTH'S INTERIOR
Chapter 1 The Composition of the Earth
miliarn F. McDonough
1.1 Structure of the Earth
1.2 Chemical Constraints
1.3 Early Evolution of the Earth
References
Chapter 2 Thermodynamics of Chaos and Fractals Applied:
Evolution of the Earth and Phase Transformations
Eugeniusz Majewski
2.1 Evolution of the Universe
2.2 Evolution of the Earth
2.3 Evolution Equations and Nonlinear Mappings
2.4 Strange Attractors
2.5 Examples of Maps
2.6 Concept of Temperature in Chaos Theory
2.7 Static and Dynamic States
2.8 Measures of Entropy and Information
2.9 The Lyapounov Exponents
2.10 Entropy Production
2.11 Entropy Budget of the Earth
2.12 The Evolution Criterion
2.13 The Driving Force of Evolution
2.14 Self-Organization Processes in Galaxies
2.15 Fractals
2.16 Thermodynamics of Multifractals
2.17 The Fractal Properties of Elastic Waves
2.18 Random Walk of Dislocations
2.19 Chaos in Phase Transformations
2.20 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3 Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics of Nonhydrostatically Stressed Solids
Ichiko Shimizu
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Review of Hydrostatic Thermodynamics
3.3 Conservation Equations
3.4 Constitutive Assumptions
3.5 Chemical Potential in Stress Fields
3.6 Driving Force of Diffusion and Phase Transition
3.7 Phase Equilibria under Stress
3.8 Flow Laws of Diffusional Creeps
3.9 Summary
References
Chapter 4 Experiments on Soret Diffusion Applied to Core Dynamics
Eugeniusz Majewski
4.1 Review of Experiments Simulating the Core-Mantle Interactions
4.2 Experiments on Soret Diffusion
4.3 Thermodynamic Modeling of the Core-Mantle Interactions
4.4 Concluding Discussion
References
PART II STRESS EVOLUTION AND THEORY OF CONTINUOUS DISTRIBUTION OF SELF-DEFORMATION NUCLEI
Chapter 5 Deformation Dynamics: Continuum with Self-Deformation Nuclei
Roman Teisseyre
5.1 Self-Strain Nuclei and Compatibility Conditions
5.2 Deformation Measures
5.3 Thermal Nuclei
5.4 Thermal Nuclei and Dislocations in 2D
5.5 Defect Densities and Sources of Incompatibility
5.6 Geometrical Objects
5.7 Constitutive Relations
5.8 Constitutive Laws for Bodies with the Electric-Stress Nuclei
References
Chapter 6 Evolution, Propagation, and Diffusion of Dislocation Fields
Roman Teisseyre
6.1 Dislocation Density Flow
6.2 Dislocation-Stress Relations
6.3 Propagation and Flow Equations for the Dislocation-Related
Stress Field
6.4 Splitting the Stress Motion Equation into Seismic Wave and
Fault-Related Fields
6.5 Evolution of Dislocation Fields: Problem of Earthquake Prediction
References
Chapter 7 Statistical Theory of Dislocations
Henryk Zorski, Barbara Gambin, and Wieslaw Larecki
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Dynamics and Statistics of Discrete Defects
7.3 The Field Equations
7.4 Field Equations of Interacting Continua
7.5 Approximate Solutions (Multiscale Method) in the
One-Dimensional Case
7.6 Continuous Distributions of Vacancies
References
PART III EARTHQUAKE THERMODYNAMICS AND FRACTURE PROCESSES
Chapter 8 Thermodynamics of Point Defects
P. Varotsos and M. Lazaridou
8.1 Formation of Vacancies
8.2 Formation of Other Point Defects
8.3 Thermodynamics of the Specific Heat
8.4 Self-Diffusion
8.5 Relation of the Defect Parameters with Bulk Properties
References
Chapter 9 Thermodynamics of Line Defects and Earthquake
Thermodynamics
Roman Teisseyre and Eugeniusz Majewski
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Dislocation Supcrlaltice
9.3 Equilibrium Distribution of Vacant Dislocations
9.4 Thermodynamic Functions Related to Superlattice
9.5 Gibbs Free Energy
9.6 The Model
9.7 Earthquake Thermodynamics
9.8 Premonitory and Earthquake Fracture Theory
9.9 Discussion
References
Chapter 10 Shear Band Thermodynamic Model of Fracturing
Roman Teisseyre
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Jogs and Kinks
10.3 Shear Band Model
10.4 Energy Release and Stresses
10.5 Source Thickness and Seismic Efficiency
10.6 Shear and Tensile Band Model: Mining Shocks
and Icequakes
10.7 Results for Earthquakes, Mine Shocks, and Icequakes
10.8 Discussion
References
Chapter 11 Energy Budget of Earthquakes and Seismic Efficiency
Hiroo Kanamori
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Energy Budget of Earthquakes
11.3 Stress on a Fault Plane
11.4 Seismic Moment and Radiated Energy
Contents
11.5 Seismic Efficiency and Radiation Efficiency
11.6 Relation between Efficiency and Rupture Speed
11.7 Efficiency of Shallow Earthquakes
11.8 Deep-Focus Earthquakes
References
Chapter 12 Coarse-Grained Models and Simulations for
Nucleation. Growth, and Arrest of Earthquakes
John B. Rumlle and W. Klein
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Physical Picture
12.3 Two Models for Mainshocks
12.4 Consequences, Predictions, and Observational Tests
12.5 Final Remarks
References
Chapter 13 Thermodynamics of Fault Slip
Eugeniusz Majewski
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Fault Entropy
13.3 Physical Interpretation
13.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 14 Mechanochemistry: AHypothesis for Shallow Earthquakes
Didier Somette
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Strain, Stress, and Heat Flow Paradoxes
14.3 Chemistry: Mineral Alteration and Chemical Transformation
14.4 Dynamics: Explosive Release of Chemical Energy
14.5 Dynamics: The Genuine Rupture
14.6 Consequences and Predictions
Appendix 1: Explosive Shock Neglecting Electric Effects
Appendix 2: Elastic-Electric Coupled Wave
Appendix 3: Structural Shock Including Electric Effects
References
Chapter 15 The Anticrack Mechanism of High-Pressure
Faulting: Summary of Experimental Observations and Geophysical Implication
Harry W. Green, II
15.1 Introduction
15.2 New Results
15.3 Discussion
References
Chapter 16 Anticrack-Associatcd Faulting and Superplastic
Flow in Deep Subduction Zones
EugenUtsz Mujewski and Roman Teisseyre
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Antidislocations
16.3 Anticrack Formation
16.4 Anticrack Development and Faulting
16.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 17 Chaos and Stability in the Earthquake Source
Eugeniusz Majewski
17.1 Introduction
17 2 Types of Lattice Defects in the Earthquake Source
17.3 Chaos in the Earthquake Source: Observational Evidence
17.4 Modeling the Defect Interactions
17.5 Stability
17.6 Statistical Approach
17.7 Concluding Discussion
References
Chapter 18 Micromorphic Continuum and Fractal Properties
of Faults and Earthquakes
Hiroyuki Nagahama and Roman Teisseyre
18.1 Introduction
18 2 Micromorphic Continuum
18 3 Rotational Effects at the Epicenter Zones
18 4 Equation of Equilibrium in Terms of Displacements Navier Equation and Laplace Equations
18.5 Propagation of Deformation along Elastic Plate Boundaries
Overlying a Viscoelastic Foundation: Macroscale Governing Equation
18.6 Navicr Equation, Laplace Field, and Fractal Pattern Formation of Fracturing
18.7 Size Distributions of Fractures in the Lithosphere
18.8 Relationship between Two Fractal Dimensions
18.9 Application of Scaling Laws to Crustal Deformations
18.10 Discussion
References
Chapter 19 Physical and Chemical Properties Related to Defect Structure of Oxides and Silicates Doped with Water and Carbon Dioxide
Slanislaw Malinowski
19.1 Introduction
19.2 General Properties of Magnesium and Other Metal Oxides
193 Symbols and Classification of Defects in Magnesium Oxide
19.4 Hydrogen and Peroxy Group Formation
19.5 Atomic Carbon in MgO Crystals
19.6 Dissolution of CO2 in MgO
19.7 Dissolution of O2 in MgO
19.8 Mechanism of Water Dissolution in Minerals
19.9 Formation of Peroxy Ions and Positive Holes in Silicates
References
PART IV ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS RELATED
TO DEFECT DYNAMICS
Chapter 20 Electric Polarization Related to Defects and Transmission of the Related Signals
N. Sarlis
20.1 Generation of Electric Signals in Ionic Crystals
20.2 Analytical Calculations for the Transmission of Electric Signals
20.3 Numerical Calculations
20.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 21 Laboratory Investigation of the Electric Signals
Preceding the Fracture of Crystalline Insulators
C. Marronwunt and V. HadjicontLs
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Experimental Setup
21.3 Results
21.4 Interpretation
21.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 22 Diffusion and Desorption of O Radicals: Anomalies
of Electric Field, Electric Conductivity, and Magnetic Susceptibility as Related to Earthquake Processes
Roman Teisseyre
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Water Dissolved in the Earth's Mantle
22.3 Emission of O" Radicals
22.4 Hole Electric Current and Conductivity Anomalies
22.5 Earthquake-Related Effects
22.6 Paramagnetic Anomaly
22.7 Diffusion of O and Other Charge Carriers
References
Chapter 23 Electric and Electromagnetic Fields Related to Earthquake Formation
Roman Teisseyre and Hiroyuki Nagahama
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Charged Dislocations and Thermodynamic Equilibrium of Charges
23.3 Electric Field Caused by Polarization and Motion of Charge Carriers
23.4 Dipole Moments and Electromagnetic Field Radiation
23.5 Simulations of Electric Current Generation and of Electromagnetic Fields
23.6 Discussion
References
Chapter 24 Tectono- and Chemicomagnetic Effects in Tectonically Active Regions
Norihiro Nakamura and Hiroyuki Nagahama
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Finslerian Continuum Mechanics for Magnetic Material Bodies
24.3 Reversible Modeling for Piezomagnetization
24.4 ATectonomagnetic Model for Fault Creep
24.5 Chemical Reactions and Magnetic Properties of Rocks by Irreversible Thermodynamics
24.6 Geomagnetic Field Anomaly by the Induced Magnetization Changes
24.7 Implications for Tectono- and Chemicomagnetic Effects
in Tectonically Active Regions
References
PART V THERMODYNAMICS OF MULTICOMPONENT
CONTINUA
Chapter 25 Thermodynamics of Multicomponent Continua
Krzysztof Mlmanski
25.1 Multicomponent Models in Geophysics
25.2 Thermodynamical Foundations of Fluid Mbttures
25.3 Some Models of Porous Materials
25.4 On Constraints in Models of Porous Materials
25.5 Wave Propagation in Porous Materials
25.6 Concluding Remarks
References
Index
Previous Volumes in Series
0126851859
Geodynamics.
Thermodynamics.
Earth (Planet) -- Interior.
551.22 / TEI/E
Contributors
Preface
Introduction
PART I THERMODYNAMICS AND PHASE
TRANSFORMATIONS IN THEEARTH'S INTERIOR
Chapter 1 The Composition of the Earth
miliarn F. McDonough
1.1 Structure of the Earth
1.2 Chemical Constraints
1.3 Early Evolution of the Earth
References
Chapter 2 Thermodynamics of Chaos and Fractals Applied:
Evolution of the Earth and Phase Transformations
Eugeniusz Majewski
2.1 Evolution of the Universe
2.2 Evolution of the Earth
2.3 Evolution Equations and Nonlinear Mappings
2.4 Strange Attractors
2.5 Examples of Maps
2.6 Concept of Temperature in Chaos Theory
2.7 Static and Dynamic States
2.8 Measures of Entropy and Information
2.9 The Lyapounov Exponents
2.10 Entropy Production
2.11 Entropy Budget of the Earth
2.12 The Evolution Criterion
2.13 The Driving Force of Evolution
2.14 Self-Organization Processes in Galaxies
2.15 Fractals
2.16 Thermodynamics of Multifractals
2.17 The Fractal Properties of Elastic Waves
2.18 Random Walk of Dislocations
2.19 Chaos in Phase Transformations
2.20 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3 Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics of Nonhydrostatically Stressed Solids
Ichiko Shimizu
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Review of Hydrostatic Thermodynamics
3.3 Conservation Equations
3.4 Constitutive Assumptions
3.5 Chemical Potential in Stress Fields
3.6 Driving Force of Diffusion and Phase Transition
3.7 Phase Equilibria under Stress
3.8 Flow Laws of Diffusional Creeps
3.9 Summary
References
Chapter 4 Experiments on Soret Diffusion Applied to Core Dynamics
Eugeniusz Majewski
4.1 Review of Experiments Simulating the Core-Mantle Interactions
4.2 Experiments on Soret Diffusion
4.3 Thermodynamic Modeling of the Core-Mantle Interactions
4.4 Concluding Discussion
References
PART II STRESS EVOLUTION AND THEORY OF CONTINUOUS DISTRIBUTION OF SELF-DEFORMATION NUCLEI
Chapter 5 Deformation Dynamics: Continuum with Self-Deformation Nuclei
Roman Teisseyre
5.1 Self-Strain Nuclei and Compatibility Conditions
5.2 Deformation Measures
5.3 Thermal Nuclei
5.4 Thermal Nuclei and Dislocations in 2D
5.5 Defect Densities and Sources of Incompatibility
5.6 Geometrical Objects
5.7 Constitutive Relations
5.8 Constitutive Laws for Bodies with the Electric-Stress Nuclei
References
Chapter 6 Evolution, Propagation, and Diffusion of Dislocation Fields
Roman Teisseyre
6.1 Dislocation Density Flow
6.2 Dislocation-Stress Relations
6.3 Propagation and Flow Equations for the Dislocation-Related
Stress Field
6.4 Splitting the Stress Motion Equation into Seismic Wave and
Fault-Related Fields
6.5 Evolution of Dislocation Fields: Problem of Earthquake Prediction
References
Chapter 7 Statistical Theory of Dislocations
Henryk Zorski, Barbara Gambin, and Wieslaw Larecki
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Dynamics and Statistics of Discrete Defects
7.3 The Field Equations
7.4 Field Equations of Interacting Continua
7.5 Approximate Solutions (Multiscale Method) in the
One-Dimensional Case
7.6 Continuous Distributions of Vacancies
References
PART III EARTHQUAKE THERMODYNAMICS AND FRACTURE PROCESSES
Chapter 8 Thermodynamics of Point Defects
P. Varotsos and M. Lazaridou
8.1 Formation of Vacancies
8.2 Formation of Other Point Defects
8.3 Thermodynamics of the Specific Heat
8.4 Self-Diffusion
8.5 Relation of the Defect Parameters with Bulk Properties
References
Chapter 9 Thermodynamics of Line Defects and Earthquake
Thermodynamics
Roman Teisseyre and Eugeniusz Majewski
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Dislocation Supcrlaltice
9.3 Equilibrium Distribution of Vacant Dislocations
9.4 Thermodynamic Functions Related to Superlattice
9.5 Gibbs Free Energy
9.6 The Model
9.7 Earthquake Thermodynamics
9.8 Premonitory and Earthquake Fracture Theory
9.9 Discussion
References
Chapter 10 Shear Band Thermodynamic Model of Fracturing
Roman Teisseyre
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Jogs and Kinks
10.3 Shear Band Model
10.4 Energy Release and Stresses
10.5 Source Thickness and Seismic Efficiency
10.6 Shear and Tensile Band Model: Mining Shocks
and Icequakes
10.7 Results for Earthquakes, Mine Shocks, and Icequakes
10.8 Discussion
References
Chapter 11 Energy Budget of Earthquakes and Seismic Efficiency
Hiroo Kanamori
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Energy Budget of Earthquakes
11.3 Stress on a Fault Plane
11.4 Seismic Moment and Radiated Energy
Contents
11.5 Seismic Efficiency and Radiation Efficiency
11.6 Relation between Efficiency and Rupture Speed
11.7 Efficiency of Shallow Earthquakes
11.8 Deep-Focus Earthquakes
References
Chapter 12 Coarse-Grained Models and Simulations for
Nucleation. Growth, and Arrest of Earthquakes
John B. Rumlle and W. Klein
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Physical Picture
12.3 Two Models for Mainshocks
12.4 Consequences, Predictions, and Observational Tests
12.5 Final Remarks
References
Chapter 13 Thermodynamics of Fault Slip
Eugeniusz Majewski
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Fault Entropy
13.3 Physical Interpretation
13.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 14 Mechanochemistry: AHypothesis for Shallow Earthquakes
Didier Somette
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Strain, Stress, and Heat Flow Paradoxes
14.3 Chemistry: Mineral Alteration and Chemical Transformation
14.4 Dynamics: Explosive Release of Chemical Energy
14.5 Dynamics: The Genuine Rupture
14.6 Consequences and Predictions
Appendix 1: Explosive Shock Neglecting Electric Effects
Appendix 2: Elastic-Electric Coupled Wave
Appendix 3: Structural Shock Including Electric Effects
References
Chapter 15 The Anticrack Mechanism of High-Pressure
Faulting: Summary of Experimental Observations and Geophysical Implication
Harry W. Green, II
15.1 Introduction
15.2 New Results
15.3 Discussion
References
Chapter 16 Anticrack-Associatcd Faulting and Superplastic
Flow in Deep Subduction Zones
EugenUtsz Mujewski and Roman Teisseyre
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Antidislocations
16.3 Anticrack Formation
16.4 Anticrack Development and Faulting
16.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 17 Chaos and Stability in the Earthquake Source
Eugeniusz Majewski
17.1 Introduction
17 2 Types of Lattice Defects in the Earthquake Source
17.3 Chaos in the Earthquake Source: Observational Evidence
17.4 Modeling the Defect Interactions
17.5 Stability
17.6 Statistical Approach
17.7 Concluding Discussion
References
Chapter 18 Micromorphic Continuum and Fractal Properties
of Faults and Earthquakes
Hiroyuki Nagahama and Roman Teisseyre
18.1 Introduction
18 2 Micromorphic Continuum
18 3 Rotational Effects at the Epicenter Zones
18 4 Equation of Equilibrium in Terms of Displacements Navier Equation and Laplace Equations
18.5 Propagation of Deformation along Elastic Plate Boundaries
Overlying a Viscoelastic Foundation: Macroscale Governing Equation
18.6 Navicr Equation, Laplace Field, and Fractal Pattern Formation of Fracturing
18.7 Size Distributions of Fractures in the Lithosphere
18.8 Relationship between Two Fractal Dimensions
18.9 Application of Scaling Laws to Crustal Deformations
18.10 Discussion
References
Chapter 19 Physical and Chemical Properties Related to Defect Structure of Oxides and Silicates Doped with Water and Carbon Dioxide
Slanislaw Malinowski
19.1 Introduction
19.2 General Properties of Magnesium and Other Metal Oxides
193 Symbols and Classification of Defects in Magnesium Oxide
19.4 Hydrogen and Peroxy Group Formation
19.5 Atomic Carbon in MgO Crystals
19.6 Dissolution of CO2 in MgO
19.7 Dissolution of O2 in MgO
19.8 Mechanism of Water Dissolution in Minerals
19.9 Formation of Peroxy Ions and Positive Holes in Silicates
References
PART IV ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS RELATED
TO DEFECT DYNAMICS
Chapter 20 Electric Polarization Related to Defects and Transmission of the Related Signals
N. Sarlis
20.1 Generation of Electric Signals in Ionic Crystals
20.2 Analytical Calculations for the Transmission of Electric Signals
20.3 Numerical Calculations
20.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 21 Laboratory Investigation of the Electric Signals
Preceding the Fracture of Crystalline Insulators
C. Marronwunt and V. HadjicontLs
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Experimental Setup
21.3 Results
21.4 Interpretation
21.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 22 Diffusion and Desorption of O Radicals: Anomalies
of Electric Field, Electric Conductivity, and Magnetic Susceptibility as Related to Earthquake Processes
Roman Teisseyre
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Water Dissolved in the Earth's Mantle
22.3 Emission of O" Radicals
22.4 Hole Electric Current and Conductivity Anomalies
22.5 Earthquake-Related Effects
22.6 Paramagnetic Anomaly
22.7 Diffusion of O and Other Charge Carriers
References
Chapter 23 Electric and Electromagnetic Fields Related to Earthquake Formation
Roman Teisseyre and Hiroyuki Nagahama
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Charged Dislocations and Thermodynamic Equilibrium of Charges
23.3 Electric Field Caused by Polarization and Motion of Charge Carriers
23.4 Dipole Moments and Electromagnetic Field Radiation
23.5 Simulations of Electric Current Generation and of Electromagnetic Fields
23.6 Discussion
References
Chapter 24 Tectono- and Chemicomagnetic Effects in Tectonically Active Regions
Norihiro Nakamura and Hiroyuki Nagahama
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Finslerian Continuum Mechanics for Magnetic Material Bodies
24.3 Reversible Modeling for Piezomagnetization
24.4 ATectonomagnetic Model for Fault Creep
24.5 Chemical Reactions and Magnetic Properties of Rocks by Irreversible Thermodynamics
24.6 Geomagnetic Field Anomaly by the Induced Magnetization Changes
24.7 Implications for Tectono- and Chemicomagnetic Effects
in Tectonically Active Regions
References
PART V THERMODYNAMICS OF MULTICOMPONENT
CONTINUA
Chapter 25 Thermodynamics of Multicomponent Continua
Krzysztof Mlmanski
25.1 Multicomponent Models in Geophysics
25.2 Thermodynamical Foundations of Fluid Mbttures
25.3 Some Models of Porous Materials
25.4 On Constraints in Models of Porous Materials
25.5 Wave Propagation in Porous Materials
25.6 Concluding Remarks
References
Index
Previous Volumes in Series
0126851859
Geodynamics.
Thermodynamics.
Earth (Planet) -- Interior.
551.22 / TEI/E