Earthquake and volcanoes: Their history, phenomena and probable causes/
Ponton, M.
Earthquake and volcanoes: Their history, phenomena and probable causes/ M. Ponton - London: T. Nelson, 1870. - 327 p.
CHAPTER I.
Comparative freqtiency of earthquakes in ancient and tnodem limes—C^hrisi'a prophecy concerning earthquakes—Fewness of ancient earthquakes recorded —City buried without record—Distribution of ancient earthquakes—Fre quency of modem earthquakes—E^arthquakes anciently regarded as prog
nostics—Delos—Classification of earthquakes—Agitation of the earth almost
constant, 13
CHAPTER 11.
Eartliquakc annals prior to the discovery of America aj
CHAPTER HI.
Earthquake annals of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries,.. 35
CHAPTER IV.
Earthquake annals of the aineteeDtb century, 47
CHAPTER V.
Recent earthquakes, 65
CHAPTER VI.
The great earthquake of Lisbon—Underground noises—The first shock—The second and great shock—Overthrow of the churches, &c.—The third shock —Further overthrow of houses, &c.—The great sea-wave—Sinking of the mole—Groat fire—Immense loss of life—Appearance of the ruins—Scarcity
of food—Exertions of the King, the Royal Family, and Cljief Minister—En
camptng and hutting of the people—Rebuilding of the dty'^-Pbenoraena accompooytng the eoithquake—Extent of area oifected—Focus of disturb* acce, 85
CHAPTER VII.
Ilie great Colabrian earthquakes—Extent of area convulsed—Disturbance cen< tral at Oppido—Deetruction of the town-^peaing of chasms—Destructton of Terranuova—Stagnant lakes-^M'oluquello destroyed—Oreat tandsbps, clefts, fissures and gulfs—Ofcular openings—New lakes formed—Conical fiKMnds—Twisting of masonry—Reversal of paving*stones—Reclosiog of fissures—Eruptwa of mud—Destruction of Cnsalouovo—Great displacement of ground—Disaster at Scilla—Overthrow of Messina—Letter from the Senate—Great destruction of life—Monks buned alive—Marchioness Spa* dara—Excesses of peasants—Wonderful escapes—Oonconutant phenomena —Relation between Italian and Sjman earthquakes, .. . ..98
CHAPTER Vlll
The great earthquake of Riobamba—Extent of area convulsed—Dwtant effecU —Absence of subterranean noises—Their occurrence afterwards—Eruption of mud from base of Tungunigua—Volcanic fish—Vertical movements at Riobamba—Their long duration-Their strange effect*—Displacements of ground—Whole houses ingulfed—Great destruction of life—Entire over throw of Riobamba and Quero—Destruction of Tacunga—Overthrow and ingulfing of vilUgen—Destruction of churches nnd public buildingi at Quito —Superstition of the inhabitants—Lake of Quilotoa—Recurrence of shocks — Resemblance to Calabnao earthquakes,
CHAPTER IX
Earthquake phenomena—The earth-wave—Different rates of propagationDirection of shock—The twisting effect—Extent of undulations—Speed of the earth-wave—The great sea-wave—Duration of shock—Formation of fissures — Emanaiioni from them —Rending of mounums—Landslips— logulfings—Subsidences and elevaiions—Effects on buildings and treesExtent of surface agiUted—Spots exempt from shocks—Underground noises —Atmospheric phenomena—Electricity—Magnetism—Effects on men and animal*—Seasons of earthquakes—Their relation to the moon's mouon*— Local distnbution of Earthquakes—Countncs most exempt—Countnes most affected, .. . . • •
CHAPTER X
Medueoanein volcan«5-V«uviu«-I(s »nci«nt A D 63-Enipt.on in * o yj-Dc^npfon by Pl.ny the younger-D«th of Pliny the elder-Deetruction of Stahue, Herculaneum, and Pompeii Dialoms in the ejections from Veaunus-Ita appeamncc after the eruption
Discorery of the buned aliee—Suidry tub^qoetrt enipcioni—Fim eruption with Uva~Interv»l of rest>^Reneva! of acuvltf—DeMnictioa of Tofrt del Greco—Orand jet of Uea, &C.—Enipuoos of the nSactecoth century—Fall of pnAcipal cone—Volcaiuc ttorai—Coloured vapoun Cm aide of lava—Lunar influence—Depth of focus—Ascent by Mr Babba^e—His descripuoo of the crater—Phlegraean fields—Solfatara—Upheaval id Monte Nuovo—Pro>
cida and Ischia» 147
CHAPTER XL
Mediterracaan volcanoes, continued—Stromboli—Its perpetual activity—Ascent by*M. Quatrefages—His descnption of crater—M Hoffaunn's descnpdoQ . —Lipan—Volcano and Volcanello—Cyclopean Isles, 176
CHAPTER X!L
Mediterranean volcanoes, continued—Mount Etna—Its great height and vast sire—Subsidiary cooes and crater*—Earliest recorded entpuoo—Eleradoa of Monte Rossi—Destruction of part of Catania—Mompiliere—Caverai of Etna—Glacier—Val del Bove—Deluges from Etna—ErupDons of ifltt and 1819—Cascade of lava—Ascent by Elie de Beaumont and t* Von Buch— Ascent by M Quatrefages—Eruptions of 185a and 1865, 185
CHAPTER XIII
North Atlantic volcanoes—Jan Mayen—Icelandic volcanoes—Skaptfir Jokid— Disastrous eruption—Hecla—Frequent activity—Eruption of 1845—ElecCiicaJ pbenomena—Ratlagia^ aoj
CHAPTER XIV.
Volcanoes of the Arores—Peak of Tenenfle—Palina-Lancerota—Oreat series of eruptions—Cape de Verde Islands—Isle of Bourbon—Volcanoes m and
near the Red Sea, . si}
CHAPTER XV.
Asiatic volcanoes—Demavend—Klutscbeu—Barren Island—Java—Papandiyang —Ingulfing of part of the mounlain—Crater of Tengger—Guntur—Galongoon—Destructive eruption—Merapia—Ouevo-Upas—Valley of Death— Taschem—Lake and nver of sulphuric acid—Talaga-Bodas—Poisonous vapours—Tangkuban Prahu—Its double crater—SumbAwa—Terrific erup
tion of Tomboro—Bah—Sumatra—Timor—Mountain wholly ingulfed— Rending of Mount Machian—Sorea—Great eruption—Banda—Sanguir— japan—Fousi Varna—Aleutian Islanda, . ... . sai
CHAPTER XVI.
Hawaii—Crater of Kilauea—Mount Loo—Jeta of laiw—Mounts Erebus and
Terror,
CHAPTER XVII.
Ajf>«ncao and West Indian volcanoes—Sc Vincent—O>copajn—Capac-Urcu— Pichinca —Tungxirafua — Irnbaburu — CarKuairaio —Antuana — Sanfay— Ranca^ua—Chilian — JoruUo—Its upheaval—Popocatepetl—Oruaba—New
volcano in Nicaragm—St. Elia, . . . . 246
CHAPTER XVIII
Submanse volcanoes—Santonn—New Islands—Graham's Island—Nyo4—Sab*
nna—Aleutian Archipelago—Mid-Atlantic, a6a
CHAPTER XIX.
Coral islands—Coral polyf^Coral reefs—Atolls—Theory of their fonnatioQ—
Volcanic subsidences and elevations, 376
CHAPTER XX
hfud and air volcanoes—MacaJuba—Flank of Etna—Iceland—KorabetoflT—Eut —Java—Celebes—Sea of Arof—JokmaJi—Turbaco—Volcan di Agua,. . 390
CHAPTER XXI.
Geysers, hot springs and lako—Great Geyser, Iceland—Califomian geysers— Boiliog waters of Roto Mahana—Tonganro—Sundry hot springs, 397
CHAPTER XXII.
Supposed causes of earthquakes and volcanoes—Central heat—Thickness of earth's solid crust—Tides in the igneous ocean—Alteraboo id the distnbuhon of pressure—Access of water—Liquefied gases—Inflammable elements— Almosphencal pressure—Elecincal discharges—Coal and petroleum beds— Destiuciivencss of earthquakes—Uses of volcanoes—Earthquakes result from action of forces needful to prevent dimioutjoo of habitable area—Sl Peter's prophecy •• 3®^
Aodei'DUM—Ancient earthquake at Laodicea 3>9
363.3495 / PON/E
Earthquake and volcanoes: Their history, phenomena and probable causes/ M. Ponton - London: T. Nelson, 1870. - 327 p.
CHAPTER I.
Comparative freqtiency of earthquakes in ancient and tnodem limes—C^hrisi'a prophecy concerning earthquakes—Fewness of ancient earthquakes recorded —City buried without record—Distribution of ancient earthquakes—Fre quency of modem earthquakes—E^arthquakes anciently regarded as prog
nostics—Delos—Classification of earthquakes—Agitation of the earth almost
constant, 13
CHAPTER 11.
Eartliquakc annals prior to the discovery of America aj
CHAPTER HI.
Earthquake annals of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries,.. 35
CHAPTER IV.
Earthquake annals of the aineteeDtb century, 47
CHAPTER V.
Recent earthquakes, 65
CHAPTER VI.
The great earthquake of Lisbon—Underground noises—The first shock—The second and great shock—Overthrow of the churches, &c.—The third shock —Further overthrow of houses, &c.—The great sea-wave—Sinking of the mole—Groat fire—Immense loss of life—Appearance of the ruins—Scarcity
of food—Exertions of the King, the Royal Family, and Cljief Minister—En
camptng and hutting of the people—Rebuilding of the dty'^-Pbenoraena accompooytng the eoithquake—Extent of area oifected—Focus of disturb* acce, 85
CHAPTER VII.
Ilie great Colabrian earthquakes—Extent of area convulsed—Disturbance cen< tral at Oppido—Deetruction of the town-^peaing of chasms—Destructton of Terranuova—Stagnant lakes-^M'oluquello destroyed—Oreat tandsbps, clefts, fissures and gulfs—Ofcular openings—New lakes formed—Conical fiKMnds—Twisting of masonry—Reversal of paving*stones—Reclosiog of fissures—Eruptwa of mud—Destruction of Cnsalouovo—Great displacement of ground—Disaster at Scilla—Overthrow of Messina—Letter from the Senate—Great destruction of life—Monks buned alive—Marchioness Spa* dara—Excesses of peasants—Wonderful escapes—Oonconutant phenomena —Relation between Italian and Sjman earthquakes, .. . ..98
CHAPTER Vlll
The great earthquake of Riobamba—Extent of area convulsed—Dwtant effecU —Absence of subterranean noises—Their occurrence afterwards—Eruption of mud from base of Tungunigua—Volcanic fish—Vertical movements at Riobamba—Their long duration-Their strange effect*—Displacements of ground—Whole houses ingulfed—Great destruction of life—Entire over throw of Riobamba and Quero—Destruction of Tacunga—Overthrow and ingulfing of vilUgen—Destruction of churches nnd public buildingi at Quito —Superstition of the inhabitants—Lake of Quilotoa—Recurrence of shocks — Resemblance to Calabnao earthquakes,
CHAPTER IX
Earthquake phenomena—The earth-wave—Different rates of propagationDirection of shock—The twisting effect—Extent of undulations—Speed of the earth-wave—The great sea-wave—Duration of shock—Formation of fissures — Emanaiioni from them —Rending of mounums—Landslips— logulfings—Subsidences and elevaiions—Effects on buildings and treesExtent of surface agiUted—Spots exempt from shocks—Underground noises —Atmospheric phenomena—Electricity—Magnetism—Effects on men and animal*—Seasons of earthquakes—Their relation to the moon's mouon*— Local distnbution of Earthquakes—Countncs most exempt—Countnes most affected, .. . . • •
CHAPTER X
Medueoanein volcan«5-V«uviu«-I(s »nci«nt A D 63-Enipt.on in * o yj-Dc^npfon by Pl.ny the younger-D«th of Pliny the elder-Deetruction of Stahue, Herculaneum, and Pompeii Dialoms in the ejections from Veaunus-Ita appeamncc after the eruption
Discorery of the buned aliee—Suidry tub^qoetrt enipcioni—Fim eruption with Uva~Interv»l of rest>^Reneva! of acuvltf—DeMnictioa of Tofrt del Greco—Orand jet of Uea, &C.—Enipuoos of the nSactecoth century—Fall of pnAcipal cone—Volcaiuc ttorai—Coloured vapoun Cm aide of lava—Lunar influence—Depth of focus—Ascent by Mr Babba^e—His descripuoo of the crater—Phlegraean fields—Solfatara—Upheaval id Monte Nuovo—Pro>
cida and Ischia» 147
CHAPTER XL
Mediterracaan volcanoes, continued—Stromboli—Its perpetual activity—Ascent by*M. Quatrefages—His descnption of crater—M Hoffaunn's descnpdoQ . —Lipan—Volcano and Volcanello—Cyclopean Isles, 176
CHAPTER X!L
Mediterranean volcanoes, continued—Mount Etna—Its great height and vast sire—Subsidiary cooes and crater*—Earliest recorded entpuoo—Eleradoa of Monte Rossi—Destruction of part of Catania—Mompiliere—Caverai of Etna—Glacier—Val del Bove—Deluges from Etna—ErupDons of ifltt and 1819—Cascade of lava—Ascent by Elie de Beaumont and t* Von Buch— Ascent by M Quatrefages—Eruptions of 185a and 1865, 185
CHAPTER XIII
North Atlantic volcanoes—Jan Mayen—Icelandic volcanoes—Skaptfir Jokid— Disastrous eruption—Hecla—Frequent activity—Eruption of 1845—ElecCiicaJ pbenomena—Ratlagia^ aoj
CHAPTER XIV.
Volcanoes of the Arores—Peak of Tenenfle—Palina-Lancerota—Oreat series of eruptions—Cape de Verde Islands—Isle of Bourbon—Volcanoes m and
near the Red Sea, . si}
CHAPTER XV.
Asiatic volcanoes—Demavend—Klutscbeu—Barren Island—Java—Papandiyang —Ingulfing of part of the mounlain—Crater of Tengger—Guntur—Galongoon—Destructive eruption—Merapia—Ouevo-Upas—Valley of Death— Taschem—Lake and nver of sulphuric acid—Talaga-Bodas—Poisonous vapours—Tangkuban Prahu—Its double crater—SumbAwa—Terrific erup
tion of Tomboro—Bah—Sumatra—Timor—Mountain wholly ingulfed— Rending of Mount Machian—Sorea—Great eruption—Banda—Sanguir— japan—Fousi Varna—Aleutian Islanda, . ... . sai
CHAPTER XVI.
Hawaii—Crater of Kilauea—Mount Loo—Jeta of laiw—Mounts Erebus and
Terror,
CHAPTER XVII.
Ajf>«ncao and West Indian volcanoes—Sc Vincent—O>copajn—Capac-Urcu— Pichinca —Tungxirafua — Irnbaburu — CarKuairaio —Antuana — Sanfay— Ranca^ua—Chilian — JoruUo—Its upheaval—Popocatepetl—Oruaba—New
volcano in Nicaragm—St. Elia, . . . . 246
CHAPTER XVIII
Submanse volcanoes—Santonn—New Islands—Graham's Island—Nyo4—Sab*
nna—Aleutian Archipelago—Mid-Atlantic, a6a
CHAPTER XIX.
Coral islands—Coral polyf^Coral reefs—Atolls—Theory of their fonnatioQ—
Volcanic subsidences and elevations, 376
CHAPTER XX
hfud and air volcanoes—MacaJuba—Flank of Etna—Iceland—KorabetoflT—Eut —Java—Celebes—Sea of Arof—JokmaJi—Turbaco—Volcan di Agua,. . 390
CHAPTER XXI.
Geysers, hot springs and lako—Great Geyser, Iceland—Califomian geysers— Boiliog waters of Roto Mahana—Tonganro—Sundry hot springs, 397
CHAPTER XXII.
Supposed causes of earthquakes and volcanoes—Central heat—Thickness of earth's solid crust—Tides in the igneous ocean—Alteraboo id the distnbuhon of pressure—Access of water—Liquefied gases—Inflammable elements— Almosphencal pressure—Elecincal discharges—Coal and petroleum beds— Destiuciivencss of earthquakes—Uses of volcanoes—Earthquakes result from action of forces needful to prevent dimioutjoo of habitable area—Sl Peter's prophecy •• 3®^
Aodei'DUM—Ancient earthquake at Laodicea 3>9
363.3495 / PON/E