Handbook of microbial biofertilizers/
Handbook of microbial biofertilizers/
edited by M.K. Rai
- Lucknow: International Book Distributing, 2006.
- xxv, 579 p. : ill. ; 22 cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
CONTENTS
xv
Chapter 2. Evaluation of the Functional Group
of Microorganisms As Bioindicators
on the Rhizosphere Microcosm
Ulisses Brigatto Albino
Galdino Andrade
Introduction
The Functional Groups
Methods to Assess the Soil Functional Microorganism
Groups
Protocols
Future Perspectives
Conclusions
Chapter 3. Tripartite Relationship of Rhizobium, AMF,
and Host in Growth Promotion
Nanjian Raman
Thangaswamy Selvaraj
Introduction
Rhizobium and AMF Interactions
Rhizobium and AMF Interactions
Rhizobium, AMF, and Biochemical Activities
Enzyme Activities
Growth Hormones
Calcium and Phosphorus Requirements
Heavy Metals
Plant Uptake of Metals
Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria
Coexistence of Rhizobium and AM Symbioses
Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Chapter 4. Biological Fertilizers
for Sustainable Rice Production
S. Kannaiyan
K. Kumar
Introduction
Azolla Biofertilizer for Rice Crop
Nitrogen-Fixing Blue Green Algae
Acid-Tolerant Cyanobacteria
N2 Fixing Stem Nodulating Sesbania Biofertilizer for Rice
29
Sesbania As Biofertilizer for Rice
Neem Cake and N Use Efficiency
Urea Super Granules and N Use Efficiency
Soil Enzymes Activity
Induction of Nodule-Like Structures in Rice Roots
for N 99
100
101
101
102
2 Fixation
Azospirillum Biofertilizer for Rice
Phosphobacterial Biofertilizer
Future Perspectives
Conclusions
Chapter 5. Mycorrhiza Helper Bacteria: Their Ecological
119 Impact in the Mycorrhizal Symbiosis
Robin Duponnois
119
Introduction
The Mycorrhizosphere Effect
Evidence
Biological Properties
Mechanisms Involved in the MHB Effect
Application
Conclusions and Perspectives
Chapter 6. Plant Growth-Promoting-Rhizpbacteria
141 As Biofertilizers and Biopesticides
Manas Ranjan Banerjee
Laila Yesmin
Joseph Kevin Vessey
141
Introduction
Biofertilizers
Endophytic and Rhizospheric Relationships Between PGPRs
and Their Hosts
Mode of Action of PGPRs As Biofertilizers
Biopesticides
Mode of Action of PGPRs As Biopesticides
Viability and Shelf Life of PGPRs
Benefits of PGPRs
Limitations of PGPRs
Future Perspectives
Conclusions
144
Chapter 7. Sustainable Agriculture
and the Rhizobia/Legumes Symbiosis 191
João Ruy Jardim Freire
Enilson Luiz Saccol de S .
191
Introduction
Diversity of Rhizobia
The Selection of Rhizobia Strains
Desirable Characteristics
Production and Quality of the Inoculants
Techniques of Inoculation
Soil Limiting Factors
Some Management Practices
Future Perspectives
Conclusions
Chapter 8. Wild-Legume Rhizobia: Biodiversity
211 and Potential As Biofertilizer
Hamdi Hussein Zahran
211
Introduction
Taxonomy and Biodiversity of Wild-Legume Rhizobia
Symbiotic Nitrogen-Fixing Systems Established
with Wild Rhizobia
Behavior of Wild-Legume Rhizobia Under Extreme
214
Conditions
Future perspectives
Conclusions
217
Chapter 9. Potential of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae
231 in Organic Farming System
Tanu
Anil Prakash
Alok Adholeya
231 Introduction
232 Mycorrhiza in Organic Farming
234 Factors Affecting Mycorrhizal Inoculum Potential
238 Selection of AM Fungi
Integration of AM Fungi and Composts for Disease Control 238
Organic Manure and AMF Inoculum Production
Application of AM Fungi
239
Future Perspectives
Conclusions
Chapter 10. Role of Mycorrhizae in Forestry 251
Hanna Dahm
251 Introduction
251 Ecological Significance of Mycorrhizae
253 Types of Mycorrhizae on Forest Trees
Occurence of Mycorrrhizal Fungi in Soils of Native Forests 256
Soil Type and Humus Properties
Ecological Specificity
Competition Among Ectomycorrhizal Fungi in Forest Soil 258
Favorable Effects of Mycorrhizae on Plant Growth
Factors Affecting Ectomycorrhizal Reduction
Receptiveness of Forest Soils to Ectomycorrhizal
257
Association
Practical Aspects of Mycorrhizae--Perspectives
268
272 Conclusions
Chapter 11. Physiological and Molecular Aspects
of Osmotic Stress Alleviation in Arbuscular
Mycorrhizal Plants 283
Juan Manuel Ruiz-Lozano
283 Introduction
Uptake and Transfer of Water Through the Fungal Hyphae
to the Host Plant
Amelioration of Plant Gas Exchange
Changes in the Water Retention Properties of the Soil
Stimulation of Assimilative Activities Essential
286
for Plant Growth
Osmotic Adjustment
Protection Against the Oxidative Damage Generated
288
by Drought
Future Perspectives and Conclusions
290
291
Chapter 12. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation
303 in Nursery Practice
Miguel Marin
303 Introduction
304
306
Types of Mycorrhizae
Mycorrhiza Effects on Plant Physiology
Interaction of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi with Soil
Microbiota
Mycorrhizae As Substitute for Fertilizers
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis in Horticultural Systems
Endomycorrhizal Technology in Different Propagation
309
310
312
Systems
Management of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in Nursery
314
Plant Production
Future Perspectives
Conclusions
316
323
324
Chapter 13. Interaction Between Arbuscular Mycorrhizal
339 Fungi and Root Pathogens
Leonor Costa Maia
Norma Suely Sobral da Silveira
Uided Maaze Tiburcio Cavalcante
339
Introduction
Root Colonization
Changes Produced by Mycorrhization
Interaction: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant
Pathogenic Fungi 341
344
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Bacteria
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Nematodes
Future Perspectives
Conclusions
Chapter 14. Production of Seedlings Inoculated
with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Their
Performance after Outplanting 367
Orivaldo José Saggin-Júnior
Eliane Maria Ribeiro da Silva
367
Introduction
Prerequisites for the Inoculation of Seedlings with AMF
Production of Inoculants for Seedlings
Production of Seedlings Inoculated with AMF
Future Perspectives of Mycorrhizal Seedling Production
Conclusions
Chapter 15. Status of Endomycorrhizal (AMF)
Biofertilizer in the Global Market
Polachi Raja
Introduction
World Fertilizer Consumption
Alternative Farming Systems
Sustainable Agriculture Systems
Effective Microorganisms
Evolution of AMFs
Techniques of AMF Inoculum Propagation
Biodiversity and Agricultural Potential
AMF Benefits of Symbiosis
Impact of AMF in Agriculture
Availability and Cost of Mycorrhizal Inoculum
Producers and Formulators of AMF Inoculum
Future Perspectives
Conclusions
Chapter 16. Role of Cyanobacteria As Biofertilizers:
Potentials and Limitations
Pilar Irisarri
Introduction
Current Status of Cyanobacterial Use As Biofertilizers
Availability of Fixed Nitrogen to Rice Plants
Cultivation of Cyanobacteria for Biofertilizer
Inoculation and Crop Yield
Reasons for the Failure of Inoculation
Benefits of Cyanobacteria Beyond Nitrogen Input
to the Agroecosystem
Is Inoculation with Cyanobacteria Worthwhile?
Integrated Soil Fertility Management
Future Perspectives
Conclusions
411
Chapter 17. Cyanobacterial Biofertilizers for Rice:
453 Present Status and Future Prospects
S. P. Adhikary
B. Pattanaik
453
Introduction
Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae)
Distribution of Cyanobacteria in Rice Fields and Factors
Governing Their Distribution and Seasonal Occurrence
with Respect to Crop Growth Cycle
Seasonal Variation of Cyanobacterial Growth
459
in Paddy Fields
Phosphorus
Cyanobacteria Biofertilizer for Increased Crop Yield
460
and Maintenance of Soil Quality 464
465
Algalization Technology
Future Perspectives
Conclusions
Chapter 18. A Comparative Study on Nitrogen-Fixing
Cyanobacteria in South American
and European Rice Fields 479
Carlos Hugo Prosperi
479
Introduction
Measuring Nitrogen Fixation in the Field
Determination of Nitrogenase Activity in Vivo
Samples Collection and Identification
The Diversity of Cyanobacteria
Appendix: Identification Key
for Most Common Cyanobacteria
in Rice Fields of Argentina and Spain 487
Chapter 19. Piriformospora indica As a New
and Emerging Mycofertilizer and Biotizer:
Potentials and Prospects in Sustainable Agriculture
Mahendra Rai
499
Sarika Shende
Kanchan Bhagwat
Prasad Wadegaonkar
Ajit Varma
499
500
Introduction
The Morphology and Cultural Characteristics
500 Mycelial Penetration in Host
501 Ultrastructure of Hyphal Wall
501 Molecular Systemetics
502 Root Colonization Potential in Diverse Hosts
In Vitro Rapid Proliferation of Roots of Withania somnifera 502
Rhizoctonia-Like Growth Promotion of Orchids
Enhancement of Secondary Metabolites
Mechanisms Involved During colonization
Mycorrhiza-Like Endophytes
Protoplast Fusion for Better Understanding of Interaction
Strategies for Mass Production of Inocula
Immobilization of Spores and Hyphae: A Step Forward
for Inoculum Production
Application in Horticulture
Potential for Control of Phytopathogenic Rootborne
Microbes
Conclusions and Future Directions
Chapter 20. Matsutake: A Natural Biofertilizer?
Wang Yun
Ian Robert Hall
Introduction
Matsutake in the Commercial World
Taxonomic History of Matsutake
Ecology
Morphology of Matsutake Infections
Cultivation of Tricholoma matsutake
Relationship Between Matsutake and Its Host Plants
Future Challenges
Conclusions
9781560222699 818189166X
Biofertilizers.
576.0202 / RAI/H
Includes bibliographical references and index.
CONTENTS
xv
Chapter 2. Evaluation of the Functional Group
of Microorganisms As Bioindicators
on the Rhizosphere Microcosm
Ulisses Brigatto Albino
Galdino Andrade
Introduction
The Functional Groups
Methods to Assess the Soil Functional Microorganism
Groups
Protocols
Future Perspectives
Conclusions
Chapter 3. Tripartite Relationship of Rhizobium, AMF,
and Host in Growth Promotion
Nanjian Raman
Thangaswamy Selvaraj
Introduction
Rhizobium and AMF Interactions
Rhizobium and AMF Interactions
Rhizobium, AMF, and Biochemical Activities
Enzyme Activities
Growth Hormones
Calcium and Phosphorus Requirements
Heavy Metals
Plant Uptake of Metals
Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria
Coexistence of Rhizobium and AM Symbioses
Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Chapter 4. Biological Fertilizers
for Sustainable Rice Production
S. Kannaiyan
K. Kumar
Introduction
Azolla Biofertilizer for Rice Crop
Nitrogen-Fixing Blue Green Algae
Acid-Tolerant Cyanobacteria
N2 Fixing Stem Nodulating Sesbania Biofertilizer for Rice
29
Sesbania As Biofertilizer for Rice
Neem Cake and N Use Efficiency
Urea Super Granules and N Use Efficiency
Soil Enzymes Activity
Induction of Nodule-Like Structures in Rice Roots
for N 99
100
101
101
102
2 Fixation
Azospirillum Biofertilizer for Rice
Phosphobacterial Biofertilizer
Future Perspectives
Conclusions
Chapter 5. Mycorrhiza Helper Bacteria: Their Ecological
119 Impact in the Mycorrhizal Symbiosis
Robin Duponnois
119
Introduction
The Mycorrhizosphere Effect
Evidence
Biological Properties
Mechanisms Involved in the MHB Effect
Application
Conclusions and Perspectives
Chapter 6. Plant Growth-Promoting-Rhizpbacteria
141 As Biofertilizers and Biopesticides
Manas Ranjan Banerjee
Laila Yesmin
Joseph Kevin Vessey
141
Introduction
Biofertilizers
Endophytic and Rhizospheric Relationships Between PGPRs
and Their Hosts
Mode of Action of PGPRs As Biofertilizers
Biopesticides
Mode of Action of PGPRs As Biopesticides
Viability and Shelf Life of PGPRs
Benefits of PGPRs
Limitations of PGPRs
Future Perspectives
Conclusions
144
Chapter 7. Sustainable Agriculture
and the Rhizobia/Legumes Symbiosis 191
João Ruy Jardim Freire
Enilson Luiz Saccol de S .
191
Introduction
Diversity of Rhizobia
The Selection of Rhizobia Strains
Desirable Characteristics
Production and Quality of the Inoculants
Techniques of Inoculation
Soil Limiting Factors
Some Management Practices
Future Perspectives
Conclusions
Chapter 8. Wild-Legume Rhizobia: Biodiversity
211 and Potential As Biofertilizer
Hamdi Hussein Zahran
211
Introduction
Taxonomy and Biodiversity of Wild-Legume Rhizobia
Symbiotic Nitrogen-Fixing Systems Established
with Wild Rhizobia
Behavior of Wild-Legume Rhizobia Under Extreme
214
Conditions
Future perspectives
Conclusions
217
Chapter 9. Potential of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae
231 in Organic Farming System
Tanu
Anil Prakash
Alok Adholeya
231 Introduction
232 Mycorrhiza in Organic Farming
234 Factors Affecting Mycorrhizal Inoculum Potential
238 Selection of AM Fungi
Integration of AM Fungi and Composts for Disease Control 238
Organic Manure and AMF Inoculum Production
Application of AM Fungi
239
Future Perspectives
Conclusions
Chapter 10. Role of Mycorrhizae in Forestry 251
Hanna Dahm
251 Introduction
251 Ecological Significance of Mycorrhizae
253 Types of Mycorrhizae on Forest Trees
Occurence of Mycorrrhizal Fungi in Soils of Native Forests 256
Soil Type and Humus Properties
Ecological Specificity
Competition Among Ectomycorrhizal Fungi in Forest Soil 258
Favorable Effects of Mycorrhizae on Plant Growth
Factors Affecting Ectomycorrhizal Reduction
Receptiveness of Forest Soils to Ectomycorrhizal
257
Association
Practical Aspects of Mycorrhizae--Perspectives
268
272 Conclusions
Chapter 11. Physiological and Molecular Aspects
of Osmotic Stress Alleviation in Arbuscular
Mycorrhizal Plants 283
Juan Manuel Ruiz-Lozano
283 Introduction
Uptake and Transfer of Water Through the Fungal Hyphae
to the Host Plant
Amelioration of Plant Gas Exchange
Changes in the Water Retention Properties of the Soil
Stimulation of Assimilative Activities Essential
286
for Plant Growth
Osmotic Adjustment
Protection Against the Oxidative Damage Generated
288
by Drought
Future Perspectives and Conclusions
290
291
Chapter 12. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation
303 in Nursery Practice
Miguel Marin
303 Introduction
304
306
Types of Mycorrhizae
Mycorrhiza Effects on Plant Physiology
Interaction of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi with Soil
Microbiota
Mycorrhizae As Substitute for Fertilizers
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis in Horticultural Systems
Endomycorrhizal Technology in Different Propagation
309
310
312
Systems
Management of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in Nursery
314
Plant Production
Future Perspectives
Conclusions
316
323
324
Chapter 13. Interaction Between Arbuscular Mycorrhizal
339 Fungi and Root Pathogens
Leonor Costa Maia
Norma Suely Sobral da Silveira
Uided Maaze Tiburcio Cavalcante
339
Introduction
Root Colonization
Changes Produced by Mycorrhization
Interaction: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant
Pathogenic Fungi 341
344
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Bacteria
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Nematodes
Future Perspectives
Conclusions
Chapter 14. Production of Seedlings Inoculated
with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Their
Performance after Outplanting 367
Orivaldo José Saggin-Júnior
Eliane Maria Ribeiro da Silva
367
Introduction
Prerequisites for the Inoculation of Seedlings with AMF
Production of Inoculants for Seedlings
Production of Seedlings Inoculated with AMF
Future Perspectives of Mycorrhizal Seedling Production
Conclusions
Chapter 15. Status of Endomycorrhizal (AMF)
Biofertilizer in the Global Market
Polachi Raja
Introduction
World Fertilizer Consumption
Alternative Farming Systems
Sustainable Agriculture Systems
Effective Microorganisms
Evolution of AMFs
Techniques of AMF Inoculum Propagation
Biodiversity and Agricultural Potential
AMF Benefits of Symbiosis
Impact of AMF in Agriculture
Availability and Cost of Mycorrhizal Inoculum
Producers and Formulators of AMF Inoculum
Future Perspectives
Conclusions
Chapter 16. Role of Cyanobacteria As Biofertilizers:
Potentials and Limitations
Pilar Irisarri
Introduction
Current Status of Cyanobacterial Use As Biofertilizers
Availability of Fixed Nitrogen to Rice Plants
Cultivation of Cyanobacteria for Biofertilizer
Inoculation and Crop Yield
Reasons for the Failure of Inoculation
Benefits of Cyanobacteria Beyond Nitrogen Input
to the Agroecosystem
Is Inoculation with Cyanobacteria Worthwhile?
Integrated Soil Fertility Management
Future Perspectives
Conclusions
411
Chapter 17. Cyanobacterial Biofertilizers for Rice:
453 Present Status and Future Prospects
S. P. Adhikary
B. Pattanaik
453
Introduction
Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae)
Distribution of Cyanobacteria in Rice Fields and Factors
Governing Their Distribution and Seasonal Occurrence
with Respect to Crop Growth Cycle
Seasonal Variation of Cyanobacterial Growth
459
in Paddy Fields
Phosphorus
Cyanobacteria Biofertilizer for Increased Crop Yield
460
and Maintenance of Soil Quality 464
465
Algalization Technology
Future Perspectives
Conclusions
Chapter 18. A Comparative Study on Nitrogen-Fixing
Cyanobacteria in South American
and European Rice Fields 479
Carlos Hugo Prosperi
479
Introduction
Measuring Nitrogen Fixation in the Field
Determination of Nitrogenase Activity in Vivo
Samples Collection and Identification
The Diversity of Cyanobacteria
Appendix: Identification Key
for Most Common Cyanobacteria
in Rice Fields of Argentina and Spain 487
Chapter 19. Piriformospora indica As a New
and Emerging Mycofertilizer and Biotizer:
Potentials and Prospects in Sustainable Agriculture
Mahendra Rai
499
Sarika Shende
Kanchan Bhagwat
Prasad Wadegaonkar
Ajit Varma
499
500
Introduction
The Morphology and Cultural Characteristics
500 Mycelial Penetration in Host
501 Ultrastructure of Hyphal Wall
501 Molecular Systemetics
502 Root Colonization Potential in Diverse Hosts
In Vitro Rapid Proliferation of Roots of Withania somnifera 502
Rhizoctonia-Like Growth Promotion of Orchids
Enhancement of Secondary Metabolites
Mechanisms Involved During colonization
Mycorrhiza-Like Endophytes
Protoplast Fusion for Better Understanding of Interaction
Strategies for Mass Production of Inocula
Immobilization of Spores and Hyphae: A Step Forward
for Inoculum Production
Application in Horticulture
Potential for Control of Phytopathogenic Rootborne
Microbes
Conclusions and Future Directions
Chapter 20. Matsutake: A Natural Biofertilizer?
Wang Yun
Ian Robert Hall
Introduction
Matsutake in the Commercial World
Taxonomic History of Matsutake
Ecology
Morphology of Matsutake Infections
Cultivation of Tricholoma matsutake
Relationship Between Matsutake and Its Host Plants
Future Challenges
Conclusions
9781560222699 818189166X
Biofertilizers.
576.0202 / RAI/H