An Introduction to Qualitative Research
Flick, Uwe
An Introduction to Qualitative Research - 4th ed. - Los Angeles: Sage , 2009. - xxvii, 587 p. 24 cm
Previous edition of this translation: 2009.
PART 1 FRAMEWORK
1 Guide to This Book
Approach of the Book
Structure of the Book
Special Features of the Book
How to Use this Book
2 Qualitative Research: why and How to Do It
The Relevance of Qualitative Research
Limits of Quantitative Research as a Starting Point
Essential Features of Quahtative Research
A Brief History of Qualitative Research
Qualitative Research at the End of Modernity
3 Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Relations of Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Linking Qualitative and Quantitative Research in One Design
Combining Quahtative and Quantitative Data
Combining Quahtative and Quantitative Methods
Linking Quahtative and Quantitative Results
Research Evaluation and Generahzation
Current Discussions about Quahtative and Quantitative Research
Appropriateness of the Methods as a Point of Reference
4 Ethics of Qualitative Research
A Need for Ethics in Research and the Ethical Dilemmas of
Quahtative Research
Viil AN INTRODUCTION TO QUAUTATIVE RESEARCH
Codes of Ethics—^An Answer to All Questions?
Ethics Committees—^A Solution?
How to Act Ethically in Your Quahtative Research
Qualitative Research Ethics—Necessary for Better Research
PART 2 FROM THEORY TO TEXT
5 Making Use of the Literature in Qualitative Research
How and When to Use the Literature
How to Use the Theoretical Literature about the Topic ofYour Study
The Use ofTheories
How to Use the Empirical Literature about EarUer Research in the
Same Field or Similar Fields
How to Use the Methodological Literature
How to Use the Literature When Writing about Your Study
How and Where to Find the Literature
6 Theoretical Positions Underlying Qualitative Research
Research Perspectives in the Field of Quahtative Research
Subjective Meaning: SymboUc Interactionism
The Making of Social Reahties: Ethnomethodology
Cultural Framing of Social and Subjective ReaUty: Structurahst Models
Rivalry of Paradigms or Triangulation of Perspectives
Common Features of the Different Positions
Feminism and Gender Studies
Positivism and Constructionism
7 Epistemological Background: Construction and
Understanding of Texts
Text and ReaHties
Text as World Making: First-Degree and Second-Degree Constructions
oocial Constructions as Starting Points
World Making in the Text: Mimesis
Mimesis: Biography and Narrative
PART 3 RESEARCH DESIGN
8 The Qualitative Research Process
Research as Linear Process
The Concept of Process in Grounded Theory Research
CONTEN
Linearity and Circularity of the Process
Theories in the Research Process as Versions of the World
Research Questions
Cutting Questions to Size
Specifying an Area of Interest and Delimiting the Issue
Sensitizing Concepts and the Triangulation of Perspectives
Types of Research Questions
10 Entering the Field
Expectations of Qualitative Researchers and the
Problem of Access
Role Definitions in Entering an Open Field
Access to Institutions
Access to Individuals
Strangeness and Familiarity
11 Sampling
Samphng Decisions in the Research Process
A Priori Determination of the Sample Structure
Gradual Definition of the Sample Structure:
Theoretical Samphng
Gradual Selection as a General Principle in
Quahtative Research
Purposive Samphng
Width or Depth as Aims of Samphng
Case Constitution in the Sample
12 How to Design Qualitative Research: An Overview
How to Plan and Construct Designs in
Quahtative Research
Short Cut Strategies
Basic Designs
Case Studies
Comparative Studies
Retrospective Studies
Snapshots: Analysis of State and Process at the Time
of the Investigation
Longitudinal Studies
Starting Points for Selecting a Research Design
First Point of Reference: Criteria-Based Comparison
of the Approaches
X AN INTRODUCTION TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Second Point of Reference; The Selection of the Design
and Checking its Apphcation
Third Point of Reference: Appropriateness of the
Approach to the Issue
Fourth Point of Reference: Fitting the Approach into
the Research Process
PART 4 VERBAL DATA
13 Interviews
The Focused Interview
The Semi-Standardized Interview
The Problem-Centered Interview
The Expert Interview
The Ethnographic Interview
Conducting Interviews: Problems of Mediation and Steering
14 Narratives
The Narrative Interview
The Episodic Interview
Narratives between Biography and Episode
15 Focus Groups
Group Interviews
Group Discussions
Focus Groups
Joint Narratives
16 Verbal Data: An Overview
First Point of Reference: Criteria-Based Comparison
of the Approaches
Second Point of Reference: The Selection of the Method and
Checking its Apphcation
Third Point of Reference: Appropriateness of the Method
to the Issue
Fourth Point of Reference: Fitting the Method into the
Research Process
PART 5 OBSERVATION AND MEDIATED DATA
17 Observation and Ethnography
Non-participant Observation
Participant Observation
Ethnography
18 Visual Data: Photography, Film, and Video
Photos as Instrument and Object of Research
Film Analysis as an Instrument of Research
Using Video in Qualitative Research
19 Using Documents as Data
What Are Documents?
Using Documents as Data: More than Analyzing Texts
Selecting Documents
Constructing a Corpus
The Practicahties of Using Documents
20 Qualitative Online Research: Using the Internet
The Internet as an Object of Research
Preconditions of Quahtative Online Research
Transferring Quahtative Research and Methods
to the Internet
Onhne Interviewing
Onhne Focus Groups
Virtual Ethnography: Interaction and Communication
in the Internet
Analyzing Internet Documents
Limits and Perspectives of Quahtative Onhne Research
21 Observation and Mediated Data: An Overview
First Point of Reference: Criteria-Based Comparison
of the Approaches
Second Point of Reference: The Selection of the Method
and Checking its Apphcation
Third Point of Reference: Appropriateness of the Method
to the Issue
Fourth Point of Reference: Fitting the Method into
the Research Process
PART 6 FROM TEXT TO THEORY
22 Documentation of Data
New Ways and Problems of Recording Data
Field Notes
XII AN INTRODUCTION TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Research Diary
Documentation Sheets
Transcription
Reahty as Text: Text as New Reality
23 Coding and Categorizing
GroundedTheory Coding
Thematic Coding
Qualitative Content Analysis
Global Analysis
24 Analyzing Conversation, Discourse, and Genres
Conversation Analysis
Discourse Analysis
Genre Analysis
25 Narrative and Hermeneutic Analysis
Analyzing Narratives
Objective Hermeneutics
Social Science Hermeneutics and Hermeneutic
Sociology of Knowledge
26 Using Computers in Qualitative Analysis
New Technologies: Hopes, Fears, and Fantasies
Ways of Using Computers
Why Use Software for Analyzing QuaHtative Data?
Hopes and Expectancies
Types of Software for Analyzing Qualitative Data
Software for Analyzing Qualitative Data: How to Choose?
Examples: ATLAS.ti, NUD*IST/NVivo, and MAXqda
How to Use Software in Qualitative Research
Software's Impact on Qualitative Research: Examples
27 Text Interpretation: An Overview
First Point of Reference: Criteria-Based Comparison
of the Approaches
Second Point of Reference: The Selection of the Method
and Checking its Application
Third Point of Reference: Appropriateness of the Method
to the Issue
Fourth Point of Reference: Fitting the Method into
the Research Process
PART 7 GROUNDING AND WRITING
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
28 Quality Criteria in Qualitative Research
Selective PlausibUization
Reliability
Validity
Objectivity
Alternative Criteria
Criteria for Evaluating the Building ofTheories
Traditional or Alternative Criteria: New Answers to
Old Questions?
Quality Assessment as a Challenge for Qualitative Research
Quality Criteria or Strategies of Quahty Assurance?
29 The Quality of Qualitative Research: Beyond Criteria
Indication of Quahtative Research
Triangulation
Analytic Induction
Generalization in Quahtative Research
The Constant Comparative Method
Process Evaluation and Quahty Management
30 Writing Qualitative Research
Pragmatic Function ofWriting: Presentation of Results
Legitimizing Function ofWriting
Reflexive Function ofWriting
Dissolution of Social Science into Styles ofWriting?
PART 8 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH:
INTEGRATION AND OUTLOOK
31 Qualitative Research at Work I: Grounded Theory
Grounded Theory Methodology
Grounded Theory Step by Step
Grounded Theory as Systematization of Intuition
Art and Method in Grounded Theory
32 Qualitative Research at Work II: Triangulation
Triangulation
Triangulation Step by Step
XIV AN INTRODUCTION TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Stepping Stones in Using Triangulation
Triangulation as Systematization of Using Qualitative Methods
33 Qualitative Research: State of the Art and the Future
Qualitative Research at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century
Methodological Developments and Trends
How to Learn and How to Teach Quahtative Research
The Future of Qualitative Research; Art or Method?PART 1 FRAMEWORK
1 Guide to This Book
Approach of the Book
Structure of the Book
Special Features of the Book
How to Use this Book
2 Qualitative Research: why and How to Do It
The Relevance of Qualitative Research
Limits of Quantitative Research as a Starting Point
Essential Features of Quahtative Research
A Brief History of Qualitative Research
Qualitative Research at the End of Modernity
3 Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Relations of Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Linking Qualitative and Quantitative Research in One Design
Combining Quahtative and Quantitative Data
Combining Quahtative and Quantitative Methods
Linking Quahtative and Quantitative Results
Research Evaluation and Generahzation
Current Discussions about Quahtative and Quantitative Research
Appropriateness of the Methods as a Point of Reference
4 Ethics of Qualitative Research
A Need for Ethics in Research and the Ethical Dilemmas of
Quahtative Research
Viil AN INTRODUCTION TO QUAUTATIVE RESEARCH
Codes of Ethics—^An Answer to All Questions?
Ethics Committees—^A Solution?
How to Act Ethically in Your Quahtative Research
Qualitative Research Ethics—Necessary for Better Research
PART 2 FROM THEORY TO TEXT
5 Making Use of the Literature in Qualitative Research
How and When to Use the Literature
How to Use the Theoretical Literature about the Topic ofYour Study
The Use ofTheories
How to Use the Empirical Literature about EarUer Research in the
Same Field or Similar Fields
How to Use the Methodological Literature
How to Use the Literature When Writing about Your Study
How and Where to Find the Literature
6 Theoretical Positions Underlying Qualitative Research
Research Perspectives in the Field of Quahtative Research
Subjective Meaning: SymboUc Interactionism
The Making of Social Reahties: Ethnomethodology
Cultural Framing of Social and Subjective ReaUty: Structurahst Models
Rivalry of Paradigms or Triangulation of Perspectives
Common Features of the Different Positions
Feminism and Gender Studies
Positivism and Constructionism
7 Epistemological Background: Construction and
Understanding of Texts
Text and ReaHties
Text as World Making: First-Degree and Second-Degree Constructions
oocial Constructions as Starting Points
World Making in the Text: Mimesis
Mimesis: Biography and Narrative
PART 3 RESEARCH DESIGN
8 The Qualitative Research Process
Research as Linear Process
The Concept of Process in Grounded Theory Research
CONTEN
Linearity and Circularity of the Process
Theories in the Research Process as Versions of the World
Research Questions
Cutting Questions to Size
Specifying an Area of Interest and Delimiting the Issue
Sensitizing Concepts and the Triangulation of Perspectives
Types of Research Questions
10 Entering the Field
Expectations of Qualitative Researchers and the
Problem of Access
Role Definitions in Entering an Open Field
Access to Institutions
Access to Individuals
Strangeness and Familiarity
11 Sampling
Samphng Decisions in the Research Process
A Priori Determination of the Sample Structure
Gradual Definition of the Sample Structure:
Theoretical Samphng
Gradual Selection as a General Principle in
Quahtative Research
Purposive Samphng
Width or Depth as Aims of Samphng
Case Constitution in the Sample
12 How to Design Qualitative Research: An Overview
How to Plan and Construct Designs in
Quahtative Research
Short Cut Strategies
Basic Designs
Case Studies
Comparative Studies
Retrospective Studies
Snapshots: Analysis of State and Process at the Time
of the Investigation
Longitudinal Studies
Starting Points for Selecting a Research Design
First Point of Reference: Criteria-Based Comparison
of the Approaches
X AN INTRODUCTION TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Second Point of Reference; The Selection of the Design
and Checking its Apphcation
Third Point of Reference: Appropriateness of the
Approach to the Issue
Fourth Point of Reference: Fitting the Approach into
the Research Process
PART 4 VERBAL DATA
13 Interviews
The Focused Interview
The Semi-Standardized Interview
The Problem-Centered Interview
The Expert Interview
The Ethnographic Interview
Conducting Interviews: Problems of Mediation and Steering
14 Narratives
The Narrative Interview
The Episodic Interview
Narratives between Biography and Episode
15 Focus Groups
Group Interviews
Group Discussions
Focus Groups
Joint Narratives
16 Verbal Data: An Overview
First Point of Reference: Criteria-Based Comparison
of the Approaches
Second Point of Reference: The Selection of the Method and
Checking its Apphcation
Third Point of Reference: Appropriateness of the Method
to the Issue
Fourth Point of Reference: Fitting the Method into the
Research Process
PART 5 OBSERVATION AND MEDIATED DATA
17 Observation and Ethnography
Non-participant Observation
Participant Observation
Ethnography
18 Visual Data: Photography, Film, and Video
Photos as Instrument and Object of Research
Film Analysis as an Instrument of Research
Using Video in Qualitative Research
19 Using Documents as Data
What Are Documents?
Using Documents as Data: More than Analyzing Texts
Selecting Documents
Constructing a Corpus
The Practicahties of Using Documents
20 Qualitative Online Research: Using the Internet
The Internet as an Object of Research
Preconditions of Quahtative Online Research
Transferring Quahtative Research and Methods
to the Internet
Onhne Interviewing
Onhne Focus Groups
Virtual Ethnography: Interaction and Communication
in the Internet
Analyzing Internet Documents
Limits and Perspectives of Quahtative Onhne Research
21 Observation and Mediated Data: An Overview
First Point of Reference: Criteria-Based Comparison
of the Approaches
Second Point of Reference: The Selection of the Method
and Checking its Apphcation
Third Point of Reference: Appropriateness of the Method
to the Issue
Fourth Point of Reference: Fitting the Method into
the Research Process
PART 6 FROM TEXT TO THEORY
22 Documentation of Data
New Ways and Problems of Recording Data
Field Notes
XII AN INTRODUCTION TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Research Diary
Documentation Sheets
Transcription
Reahty as Text: Text as New Reality
23 Coding and Categorizing
GroundedTheory Coding
Thematic Coding
Qualitative Content Analysis
Global Analysis
24 Analyzing Conversation, Discourse, and Genres
Conversation Analysis
Discourse Analysis
Genre Analysis
25 Narrative and Hermeneutic Analysis
Analyzing Narratives
Objective Hermeneutics
Social Science Hermeneutics and Hermeneutic
Sociology of Knowledge
26 Using Computers in Qualitative Analysis
New Technologies: Hopes, Fears, and Fantasies
Ways of Using Computers
Why Use Software for Analyzing QuaHtative Data?
Hopes and Expectancies
Types of Software for Analyzing Qualitative Data
Software for Analyzing Qualitative Data: How to Choose?
Examples: ATLAS.ti, NUD*IST/NVivo, and MAXqda
How to Use Software in Qualitative Research
Software's Impact on Qualitative Research: Examples
27 Text Interpretation: An Overview
First Point of Reference: Criteria-Based Comparison
of the Approaches
Second Point of Reference: The Selection of the Method
and Checking its Application
Third Point of Reference: Appropriateness of the Method
to the Issue
Fourth Point of Reference: Fitting the Method into
the Research Process
PART 7 GROUNDING AND WRITING
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
28 Quality Criteria in Qualitative Research
Selective PlausibUization
Reliability
Validity
Objectivity
Alternative Criteria
Criteria for Evaluating the Building ofTheories
Traditional or Alternative Criteria: New Answers to
Old Questions?
Quality Assessment as a Challenge for Qualitative Research
Quality Criteria or Strategies of Quahty Assurance?
29 The Quality of Qualitative Research: Beyond Criteria
Indication of Quahtative Research
Triangulation
Analytic Induction
Generalization in Quahtative Research
The Constant Comparative Method
Process Evaluation and Quahty Management
30 Writing Qualitative Research
Pragmatic Function ofWriting: Presentation of Results
Legitimizing Function ofWriting
Reflexive Function ofWriting
Dissolution of Social Science into Styles ofWriting?
PART 8 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH:
INTEGRATION AND OUTLOOK
31 Qualitative Research at Work I: Grounded Theory
Grounded Theory Methodology
Grounded Theory Step by Step
Grounded Theory as Systematization of Intuition
Art and Method in Grounded Theory
32 Qualitative Research at Work II: Triangulation
Triangulation
Triangulation Step by Step
XIV AN INTRODUCTION TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Stepping Stones in Using Triangulation
Triangulation as Systematization of Using Qualitative Methods
33 Qualitative Research: State of the Art and the Future
Qualitative Research at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century
Methodological Developments and Trends
How to Learn and How to Teach Quahtative Research
The Future of Qualitative Research; Art or Method?
9788132105688(pb)
Psychology--Qualitative Research.
Social sciences--Methodology.
Qualitative research.
Qualitative Research.
Psychology--Qualitative research.
Qualitative research.
Social sciences--Methodology.
Qualitative Sozialforschung
300.72 / FLI/I
An Introduction to Qualitative Research - 4th ed. - Los Angeles: Sage , 2009. - xxvii, 587 p. 24 cm
Previous edition of this translation: 2009.
PART 1 FRAMEWORK
1 Guide to This Book
Approach of the Book
Structure of the Book
Special Features of the Book
How to Use this Book
2 Qualitative Research: why and How to Do It
The Relevance of Qualitative Research
Limits of Quantitative Research as a Starting Point
Essential Features of Quahtative Research
A Brief History of Qualitative Research
Qualitative Research at the End of Modernity
3 Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Relations of Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Linking Qualitative and Quantitative Research in One Design
Combining Quahtative and Quantitative Data
Combining Quahtative and Quantitative Methods
Linking Quahtative and Quantitative Results
Research Evaluation and Generahzation
Current Discussions about Quahtative and Quantitative Research
Appropriateness of the Methods as a Point of Reference
4 Ethics of Qualitative Research
A Need for Ethics in Research and the Ethical Dilemmas of
Quahtative Research
Viil AN INTRODUCTION TO QUAUTATIVE RESEARCH
Codes of Ethics—^An Answer to All Questions?
Ethics Committees—^A Solution?
How to Act Ethically in Your Quahtative Research
Qualitative Research Ethics—Necessary for Better Research
PART 2 FROM THEORY TO TEXT
5 Making Use of the Literature in Qualitative Research
How and When to Use the Literature
How to Use the Theoretical Literature about the Topic ofYour Study
The Use ofTheories
How to Use the Empirical Literature about EarUer Research in the
Same Field or Similar Fields
How to Use the Methodological Literature
How to Use the Literature When Writing about Your Study
How and Where to Find the Literature
6 Theoretical Positions Underlying Qualitative Research
Research Perspectives in the Field of Quahtative Research
Subjective Meaning: SymboUc Interactionism
The Making of Social Reahties: Ethnomethodology
Cultural Framing of Social and Subjective ReaUty: Structurahst Models
Rivalry of Paradigms or Triangulation of Perspectives
Common Features of the Different Positions
Feminism and Gender Studies
Positivism and Constructionism
7 Epistemological Background: Construction and
Understanding of Texts
Text and ReaHties
Text as World Making: First-Degree and Second-Degree Constructions
oocial Constructions as Starting Points
World Making in the Text: Mimesis
Mimesis: Biography and Narrative
PART 3 RESEARCH DESIGN
8 The Qualitative Research Process
Research as Linear Process
The Concept of Process in Grounded Theory Research
CONTEN
Linearity and Circularity of the Process
Theories in the Research Process as Versions of the World
Research Questions
Cutting Questions to Size
Specifying an Area of Interest and Delimiting the Issue
Sensitizing Concepts and the Triangulation of Perspectives
Types of Research Questions
10 Entering the Field
Expectations of Qualitative Researchers and the
Problem of Access
Role Definitions in Entering an Open Field
Access to Institutions
Access to Individuals
Strangeness and Familiarity
11 Sampling
Samphng Decisions in the Research Process
A Priori Determination of the Sample Structure
Gradual Definition of the Sample Structure:
Theoretical Samphng
Gradual Selection as a General Principle in
Quahtative Research
Purposive Samphng
Width or Depth as Aims of Samphng
Case Constitution in the Sample
12 How to Design Qualitative Research: An Overview
How to Plan and Construct Designs in
Quahtative Research
Short Cut Strategies
Basic Designs
Case Studies
Comparative Studies
Retrospective Studies
Snapshots: Analysis of State and Process at the Time
of the Investigation
Longitudinal Studies
Starting Points for Selecting a Research Design
First Point of Reference: Criteria-Based Comparison
of the Approaches
X AN INTRODUCTION TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Second Point of Reference; The Selection of the Design
and Checking its Apphcation
Third Point of Reference: Appropriateness of the
Approach to the Issue
Fourth Point of Reference: Fitting the Approach into
the Research Process
PART 4 VERBAL DATA
13 Interviews
The Focused Interview
The Semi-Standardized Interview
The Problem-Centered Interview
The Expert Interview
The Ethnographic Interview
Conducting Interviews: Problems of Mediation and Steering
14 Narratives
The Narrative Interview
The Episodic Interview
Narratives between Biography and Episode
15 Focus Groups
Group Interviews
Group Discussions
Focus Groups
Joint Narratives
16 Verbal Data: An Overview
First Point of Reference: Criteria-Based Comparison
of the Approaches
Second Point of Reference: The Selection of the Method and
Checking its Apphcation
Third Point of Reference: Appropriateness of the Method
to the Issue
Fourth Point of Reference: Fitting the Method into the
Research Process
PART 5 OBSERVATION AND MEDIATED DATA
17 Observation and Ethnography
Non-participant Observation
Participant Observation
Ethnography
18 Visual Data: Photography, Film, and Video
Photos as Instrument and Object of Research
Film Analysis as an Instrument of Research
Using Video in Qualitative Research
19 Using Documents as Data
What Are Documents?
Using Documents as Data: More than Analyzing Texts
Selecting Documents
Constructing a Corpus
The Practicahties of Using Documents
20 Qualitative Online Research: Using the Internet
The Internet as an Object of Research
Preconditions of Quahtative Online Research
Transferring Quahtative Research and Methods
to the Internet
Onhne Interviewing
Onhne Focus Groups
Virtual Ethnography: Interaction and Communication
in the Internet
Analyzing Internet Documents
Limits and Perspectives of Quahtative Onhne Research
21 Observation and Mediated Data: An Overview
First Point of Reference: Criteria-Based Comparison
of the Approaches
Second Point of Reference: The Selection of the Method
and Checking its Apphcation
Third Point of Reference: Appropriateness of the Method
to the Issue
Fourth Point of Reference: Fitting the Method into
the Research Process
PART 6 FROM TEXT TO THEORY
22 Documentation of Data
New Ways and Problems of Recording Data
Field Notes
XII AN INTRODUCTION TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Research Diary
Documentation Sheets
Transcription
Reahty as Text: Text as New Reality
23 Coding and Categorizing
GroundedTheory Coding
Thematic Coding
Qualitative Content Analysis
Global Analysis
24 Analyzing Conversation, Discourse, and Genres
Conversation Analysis
Discourse Analysis
Genre Analysis
25 Narrative and Hermeneutic Analysis
Analyzing Narratives
Objective Hermeneutics
Social Science Hermeneutics and Hermeneutic
Sociology of Knowledge
26 Using Computers in Qualitative Analysis
New Technologies: Hopes, Fears, and Fantasies
Ways of Using Computers
Why Use Software for Analyzing QuaHtative Data?
Hopes and Expectancies
Types of Software for Analyzing Qualitative Data
Software for Analyzing Qualitative Data: How to Choose?
Examples: ATLAS.ti, NUD*IST/NVivo, and MAXqda
How to Use Software in Qualitative Research
Software's Impact on Qualitative Research: Examples
27 Text Interpretation: An Overview
First Point of Reference: Criteria-Based Comparison
of the Approaches
Second Point of Reference: The Selection of the Method
and Checking its Application
Third Point of Reference: Appropriateness of the Method
to the Issue
Fourth Point of Reference: Fitting the Method into
the Research Process
PART 7 GROUNDING AND WRITING
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
28 Quality Criteria in Qualitative Research
Selective PlausibUization
Reliability
Validity
Objectivity
Alternative Criteria
Criteria for Evaluating the Building ofTheories
Traditional or Alternative Criteria: New Answers to
Old Questions?
Quality Assessment as a Challenge for Qualitative Research
Quality Criteria or Strategies of Quahty Assurance?
29 The Quality of Qualitative Research: Beyond Criteria
Indication of Quahtative Research
Triangulation
Analytic Induction
Generalization in Quahtative Research
The Constant Comparative Method
Process Evaluation and Quahty Management
30 Writing Qualitative Research
Pragmatic Function ofWriting: Presentation of Results
Legitimizing Function ofWriting
Reflexive Function ofWriting
Dissolution of Social Science into Styles ofWriting?
PART 8 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH:
INTEGRATION AND OUTLOOK
31 Qualitative Research at Work I: Grounded Theory
Grounded Theory Methodology
Grounded Theory Step by Step
Grounded Theory as Systematization of Intuition
Art and Method in Grounded Theory
32 Qualitative Research at Work II: Triangulation
Triangulation
Triangulation Step by Step
XIV AN INTRODUCTION TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Stepping Stones in Using Triangulation
Triangulation as Systematization of Using Qualitative Methods
33 Qualitative Research: State of the Art and the Future
Qualitative Research at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century
Methodological Developments and Trends
How to Learn and How to Teach Quahtative Research
The Future of Qualitative Research; Art or Method?PART 1 FRAMEWORK
1 Guide to This Book
Approach of the Book
Structure of the Book
Special Features of the Book
How to Use this Book
2 Qualitative Research: why and How to Do It
The Relevance of Qualitative Research
Limits of Quantitative Research as a Starting Point
Essential Features of Quahtative Research
A Brief History of Qualitative Research
Qualitative Research at the End of Modernity
3 Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Relations of Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Linking Qualitative and Quantitative Research in One Design
Combining Quahtative and Quantitative Data
Combining Quahtative and Quantitative Methods
Linking Quahtative and Quantitative Results
Research Evaluation and Generahzation
Current Discussions about Quahtative and Quantitative Research
Appropriateness of the Methods as a Point of Reference
4 Ethics of Qualitative Research
A Need for Ethics in Research and the Ethical Dilemmas of
Quahtative Research
Viil AN INTRODUCTION TO QUAUTATIVE RESEARCH
Codes of Ethics—^An Answer to All Questions?
Ethics Committees—^A Solution?
How to Act Ethically in Your Quahtative Research
Qualitative Research Ethics—Necessary for Better Research
PART 2 FROM THEORY TO TEXT
5 Making Use of the Literature in Qualitative Research
How and When to Use the Literature
How to Use the Theoretical Literature about the Topic ofYour Study
The Use ofTheories
How to Use the Empirical Literature about EarUer Research in the
Same Field or Similar Fields
How to Use the Methodological Literature
How to Use the Literature When Writing about Your Study
How and Where to Find the Literature
6 Theoretical Positions Underlying Qualitative Research
Research Perspectives in the Field of Quahtative Research
Subjective Meaning: SymboUc Interactionism
The Making of Social Reahties: Ethnomethodology
Cultural Framing of Social and Subjective ReaUty: Structurahst Models
Rivalry of Paradigms or Triangulation of Perspectives
Common Features of the Different Positions
Feminism and Gender Studies
Positivism and Constructionism
7 Epistemological Background: Construction and
Understanding of Texts
Text and ReaHties
Text as World Making: First-Degree and Second-Degree Constructions
oocial Constructions as Starting Points
World Making in the Text: Mimesis
Mimesis: Biography and Narrative
PART 3 RESEARCH DESIGN
8 The Qualitative Research Process
Research as Linear Process
The Concept of Process in Grounded Theory Research
CONTEN
Linearity and Circularity of the Process
Theories in the Research Process as Versions of the World
Research Questions
Cutting Questions to Size
Specifying an Area of Interest and Delimiting the Issue
Sensitizing Concepts and the Triangulation of Perspectives
Types of Research Questions
10 Entering the Field
Expectations of Qualitative Researchers and the
Problem of Access
Role Definitions in Entering an Open Field
Access to Institutions
Access to Individuals
Strangeness and Familiarity
11 Sampling
Samphng Decisions in the Research Process
A Priori Determination of the Sample Structure
Gradual Definition of the Sample Structure:
Theoretical Samphng
Gradual Selection as a General Principle in
Quahtative Research
Purposive Samphng
Width or Depth as Aims of Samphng
Case Constitution in the Sample
12 How to Design Qualitative Research: An Overview
How to Plan and Construct Designs in
Quahtative Research
Short Cut Strategies
Basic Designs
Case Studies
Comparative Studies
Retrospective Studies
Snapshots: Analysis of State and Process at the Time
of the Investigation
Longitudinal Studies
Starting Points for Selecting a Research Design
First Point of Reference: Criteria-Based Comparison
of the Approaches
X AN INTRODUCTION TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Second Point of Reference; The Selection of the Design
and Checking its Apphcation
Third Point of Reference: Appropriateness of the
Approach to the Issue
Fourth Point of Reference: Fitting the Approach into
the Research Process
PART 4 VERBAL DATA
13 Interviews
The Focused Interview
The Semi-Standardized Interview
The Problem-Centered Interview
The Expert Interview
The Ethnographic Interview
Conducting Interviews: Problems of Mediation and Steering
14 Narratives
The Narrative Interview
The Episodic Interview
Narratives between Biography and Episode
15 Focus Groups
Group Interviews
Group Discussions
Focus Groups
Joint Narratives
16 Verbal Data: An Overview
First Point of Reference: Criteria-Based Comparison
of the Approaches
Second Point of Reference: The Selection of the Method and
Checking its Apphcation
Third Point of Reference: Appropriateness of the Method
to the Issue
Fourth Point of Reference: Fitting the Method into the
Research Process
PART 5 OBSERVATION AND MEDIATED DATA
17 Observation and Ethnography
Non-participant Observation
Participant Observation
Ethnography
18 Visual Data: Photography, Film, and Video
Photos as Instrument and Object of Research
Film Analysis as an Instrument of Research
Using Video in Qualitative Research
19 Using Documents as Data
What Are Documents?
Using Documents as Data: More than Analyzing Texts
Selecting Documents
Constructing a Corpus
The Practicahties of Using Documents
20 Qualitative Online Research: Using the Internet
The Internet as an Object of Research
Preconditions of Quahtative Online Research
Transferring Quahtative Research and Methods
to the Internet
Onhne Interviewing
Onhne Focus Groups
Virtual Ethnography: Interaction and Communication
in the Internet
Analyzing Internet Documents
Limits and Perspectives of Quahtative Onhne Research
21 Observation and Mediated Data: An Overview
First Point of Reference: Criteria-Based Comparison
of the Approaches
Second Point of Reference: The Selection of the Method
and Checking its Apphcation
Third Point of Reference: Appropriateness of the Method
to the Issue
Fourth Point of Reference: Fitting the Method into
the Research Process
PART 6 FROM TEXT TO THEORY
22 Documentation of Data
New Ways and Problems of Recording Data
Field Notes
XII AN INTRODUCTION TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Research Diary
Documentation Sheets
Transcription
Reahty as Text: Text as New Reality
23 Coding and Categorizing
GroundedTheory Coding
Thematic Coding
Qualitative Content Analysis
Global Analysis
24 Analyzing Conversation, Discourse, and Genres
Conversation Analysis
Discourse Analysis
Genre Analysis
25 Narrative and Hermeneutic Analysis
Analyzing Narratives
Objective Hermeneutics
Social Science Hermeneutics and Hermeneutic
Sociology of Knowledge
26 Using Computers in Qualitative Analysis
New Technologies: Hopes, Fears, and Fantasies
Ways of Using Computers
Why Use Software for Analyzing QuaHtative Data?
Hopes and Expectancies
Types of Software for Analyzing Qualitative Data
Software for Analyzing Qualitative Data: How to Choose?
Examples: ATLAS.ti, NUD*IST/NVivo, and MAXqda
How to Use Software in Qualitative Research
Software's Impact on Qualitative Research: Examples
27 Text Interpretation: An Overview
First Point of Reference: Criteria-Based Comparison
of the Approaches
Second Point of Reference: The Selection of the Method
and Checking its Application
Third Point of Reference: Appropriateness of the Method
to the Issue
Fourth Point of Reference: Fitting the Method into
the Research Process
PART 7 GROUNDING AND WRITING
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
28 Quality Criteria in Qualitative Research
Selective PlausibUization
Reliability
Validity
Objectivity
Alternative Criteria
Criteria for Evaluating the Building ofTheories
Traditional or Alternative Criteria: New Answers to
Old Questions?
Quality Assessment as a Challenge for Qualitative Research
Quality Criteria or Strategies of Quahty Assurance?
29 The Quality of Qualitative Research: Beyond Criteria
Indication of Quahtative Research
Triangulation
Analytic Induction
Generalization in Quahtative Research
The Constant Comparative Method
Process Evaluation and Quahty Management
30 Writing Qualitative Research
Pragmatic Function ofWriting: Presentation of Results
Legitimizing Function ofWriting
Reflexive Function ofWriting
Dissolution of Social Science into Styles ofWriting?
PART 8 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH:
INTEGRATION AND OUTLOOK
31 Qualitative Research at Work I: Grounded Theory
Grounded Theory Methodology
Grounded Theory Step by Step
Grounded Theory as Systematization of Intuition
Art and Method in Grounded Theory
32 Qualitative Research at Work II: Triangulation
Triangulation
Triangulation Step by Step
XIV AN INTRODUCTION TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Stepping Stones in Using Triangulation
Triangulation as Systematization of Using Qualitative Methods
33 Qualitative Research: State of the Art and the Future
Qualitative Research at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century
Methodological Developments and Trends
How to Learn and How to Teach Quahtative Research
The Future of Qualitative Research; Art or Method?
9788132105688(pb)
Psychology--Qualitative Research.
Social sciences--Methodology.
Qualitative research.
Qualitative Research.
Psychology--Qualitative research.
Qualitative research.
Social sciences--Methodology.
Qualitative Sozialforschung
300.72 / FLI/I